Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites PDF
Preview Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites The Textile Institute Book Series Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Edited by Sabu Thomas School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India Seiko Jose School of Chemical Science, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India; ICAR – Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India TheTextileInstituteBookSeries IncorporatedbyRoyalCharterin1925,TheTextileInstitutewasestablishedastheprofessional body for the textile industry to provide support to businesses, practitioners, and academics involvedwithtextilesandtoprovideroutestoprofessionalqualificationsthroughwhichInstitute Members can demonstrate their professional competence. The Institute’s aim is to encourage learning, recognize achievement, reward excellence, and disseminate information about the textiles,clothingandfootwearindustriesandtheassociatedscience,designandtechnology;it hasaglobalreachwithindividualandcorporatemembersinover80countries. TheTextileInstituteBookSeriessupersedestheformer“WoodheadPublishingSeriesinTextiles” andrepresentsacollaborationbetweenTheTextileInstituteandElsevieraimedatensuringthat InstituteMembersandthetextileindustrycontinuetohaveaccesstohighcalibertitlesontextile scienceandtechnology. Books published in The Textile Institute Book Series are offered on the Elsevier website at: store.elsevier.com and are available to Textile Institute Members at a substantial discount. Textile Institute books still in print are also available directly from the Institute’s website at: www.textileinstitute.org Toplaceanorder,orifyouareinterestedinwritingabookforthisseries,pleasecontactMatthew Deans,SeniorPublisher:[email protected] RecentlyPublishedandUpcomingTitlesintheTextileInstitute BookSeries: HandbookofNaturalFibres:Volume1:Types,PropertiesandFactorsAffectingBreedingand Cultivation,2ndEdition,RyszardKozlowskiMariaMackiewicz-Talarczyk,978-0-12-818398-4 Handbook of Natural Fibres: Volume 2: Processing and Applications, 2nd Edition, Ryszard KozlowskiMariaMackiewicz-Talarczyk,978-0-12-818782-1 AdvancesinTextileBiotechnology,ArturCavaco-Paulo,978-0-08-102632-8 WovenTextiles:Principles,TechnologiesandApplications,2ndEdition,KimGandhi,978-0-08- 102497-3 AuxeticTextiles,HongHu,978-0-08-102211-5 CarbonNanotubeFibresandYarns:Production,PropertiesandApplicationsinSmartTextiles, MengheMiao,978-0-08-102722-6 SustainableTechnologiesforFashionandTextiles,RajkishoreNayak,978-0-08-102867-4 StructureandMechanicsofTextileFibreAssemblies,PeterSchwartz,978-0-08-102619-9 Silk:Materials,Processes,andApplications,NarendraReddy,978-0-12-818495-0 Anthropometry,ApparelSizingandDesign,2ndEdition,NorsaadahZakaria,978-0-08-102604-5 EngineeringTextiles:IntegratingtheDesignandManufactureofTextileProducts,2ndEdition, YehiaElmogahzy,978-0-08-102488-1 NewTrendsinNaturalDyesforTextiles,PadmaVankarDharaShukla,978-0-08-102686-1 SmartTextileCoatingsandLaminates,2ndEdition,WilliamC.Smith,978-0-08-102428-7 AdvancedTextilesforWoundCare,2ndEdition,S.Rajendran,978-0-08-102192-7 ManikinsforTextileEvaluation,RajkishoreNayakRajivPadhye,978-0-08-100909-3 AutomationinGarmentManufacturing,RajkishoreNayakandRajivPadhye,978-0-08-101211-6 SustainableFibresandTextiles,SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu,978-0-08-102041-8 SustainabilityinDenim,SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu,978-0-08-102043-2 Circular Economy in Textiles and Apparel, Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, 978-0-08- 102630-4 NanofinishingofTextileMaterials,MajidMontazerTinaHarifi,978-0-08-101214-7 NanotechnologyinTextiles,RajeshMishraJiriMilitky,978-0-08-102609-0 InorganicandCompositeFibers,BorisMahltigYordanKyosev,978-0-08-102228-3 SmartTextilesforInSituMonitoringofComposites,VladanKoncar,978-0-08-102308-2 HandbookofPropertiesofTextileandTechnicalFibres,2ndEdition,A.R.Bunsell,978-0-08- 101272-7 Silk,2ndEdition,K.MurugeshBabu,978-0-08-102540-6 WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2022ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-824056-4 ForInformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublicationsvisit ourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher/AcquisitionsEditor:MatthewDeans EditorialProjectManager:RafaelGuilhermeTrombaco ProductionProjectManager:AnithaSivaraj CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyAptara,NewDelhi,India Contributors RavindraV. Adivarekar, Department of Fibers and Textile Processing Technology, InstituteofChemicalTechnology,Mumbai,Maharashtra,India GregorioGCarbajalArizaga,UniversidaddeGuadalajara–UDG,Jalisco,México M.Arous,DepartmentofPhysics,LaMaCoP,FacultyofSciencesofSfax,University ofSfax,Sfax,BP,Tunisia D.Balaji,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,KPRInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India SimonCurling,BioCompositesCentre,BangorUniversity,Bangor,Gwynedd,United Kingdom Debasish Das, Department of Jute and Fiber Technology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta,Kolkata,India SrijanDas,GovernmentCollegeofEngineeringandTextileTechnology,Serampore, Hoogly,WestBengal,India SayandeepDebnath,NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology,NaviMumbai,Maha- rashtra,India FábioA.O.Fernandes,CentreforMechanicalTechnologyandAutomation(TEMA), DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal ThaisFlores-Sahagun,FederalUniversityofParaná–UFPR,Curitiba,PR,Brazil TalitaSzlapakFranco,FederalUniversityofParaná–UFPR,Curitiba,PR,Brazil Dalila Hammiche, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Tech- nologie,UniversitédeBejaia,Algérie MedBenHassen,CollegeofEngineering,IndustrialEngineeringDepartment,Taiba University,Taiba,SaudiArabia;LaboratoiredeGenieTextile,DepartementdeGenie Textile,UniversitedeMonastir,ISETKsarHellal,Tunisia xii Contributors Seiko Jose, School of Chemical Science, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala,India;TextileManufacturingandTextileChemistryDivision,ICAR-Central SheepandWoolResearchInstitute,Avikanagar,Rajasthan,India Vinod Kadam, Textile Manufacturing & Textile Chemistry Division, ICAR-Central SheepandWoolResearchInstitute,Avikanagar,Rajasthan,India AmmayappanLakshmanan,ChemicalandBiochemicalProcessingDivision,ICAR- National Institute of Natural Fiber Engineering and Technology (Erstwhile ICAR- NIRJAFT),Kolkata,WestBengal,India SaptarshiMaiti,DepartmentofFibersandTextileProcessingTechnology,Instituteof ChemicalTechnology,Mumbai,Maharashtra,India SubhankarMaity,DepartmentofTextileTechnology,UttarPradeshTextileTechnol- ogyInstitute,Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India J. Manivannan, Machine Dynamics and Condition Monitoring Laboratory, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Anand Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India K. Mayandi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of ResearchandEducation,AnandNagar,TamilNadu,India JörgMüssig,HSB,HochschuleBremen/CityUniversityofAppliedSciences,Depart- mentofBiomimetics–TheBiologicalMaterialsGroup,Bremen,Germany Tri-DungNgo,InnoTechAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada Tri-Dung(T.-D.) Ngo, BioIndustrials Research and Development, InnoTech Alberta (FormerlyAlbertaResearchCouncil(1921-2010)andAlbertaInnovatesTechnology Futures(2010-2016)),Edmonton,Alberta,Canada DangMao Nguyen, Laboratoire Innovation Matériau Bois Habitat Apprentis- sage(LIMBHA),EcoleSupérieureduBois,Nantes,France MedAmin Omri, Department of Physics, LaMaCoP, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, UniversityofSfax,Sfax,BP,Tunisia Graham Ormondroyd, BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd,UnitedKingdom PintuPandit,DepartmentofTextileDesign,NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology, Patna,Bihar,India Contributors xiii Patrick Perré, Laboratoire Innovation Matériau Bois Habitat Apprentissage (LIMBHA),EcoleSupérieureduBois,Nantes,France ThanhKhoaPhung,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SchoolofBiotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam S. Rajesh, Machine Dynamics and Condition Monitoring Laboratory, Kalasalingam AcademyofResearchandEducation,AnandNagar,TamilNadu,India L.Rajeshkumar,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,KPRInstituteofEngineer- ingandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India GovindarajuRajkumar,KumaraguruCollegeofTechnology,DepartmentofFashion Technology,Coimbatore,India M. Ramesh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi In- stituteofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India Vincent Röhl, HSB, Hochschule Bremen/City University of Applied Sciences, De- partmentofBiomimetics–TheBiologicalMaterialsGroup,Bremen,Germany I. Sankar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti,TamilNadu,India KesturGundappa Satyanarayana, RRL-Triv. CSIR-India, UFPR, Curitiba & EMBRAPA, Colombo (PR-Brazil) and Poornaprajna Scientific Research Institute (PPISR),Poornaprajnapura,Devanahalli,Bangalore,Karnataka,India KunalSingha,DepartmentofTextileDesign,NationalInstituteofFashionTechnol- ogy,Kolkata,WestBengal,India;DepartmentofTextileDesign,NationalInstituteof FashionTechnology,Patna,Bihar,India I. Siva, Centre for Composite Materials, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,AnandNagar,TamilNadu,India S.Sivalingam,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CoimbatoreInstituteofTech- nology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India. FaisalAmriTanjung, Faculty ofScience andTechnology, Universitas MedanArea, Medan,Indonesia ValcineidedeAndradeTanobe,FederalUniversityofParaná–UFPR,Curitiba,PR, Brazil xiv Contributors Sabu Thomas, School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala,India VyAnh Tran, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Gachon Uni- versity,Bokjeong-Dong,Sujeong-Gu,SeongnamCity,SouthKorea A.Triki,DepartmentofPhysics,LaMaCoP,FacultyofSciencesofSfax,Universityof Sfax,Sfax,BP,Tunisia NikNoriman Zulkepli, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti MalaysiaPerlis,Jejawi,Malaysia Contents Contributors xi 1 Introductiontonaturalfibercomposites 1 FábioA.O.Fernandes,SeikoJoseandSabuThomas 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Naturalfibercomposites 1 1.3 Naturalfibercompositesandtheroleofnaturalfibers asreinforcement 4 1.4 Woolincomposites 5 1.5 Casestudies 6 1.6 Currenttrendsandfuturedirections 9 Funding&Acknowledgments 10 References 10 2 Woolstructureandmorphology 13 DebasishDasandSrijanDas 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Chemicalcomposition 14 2.3 Woolfibermorphology 20 2.4 Two-componentandthree-componentmodelsofwoolfiber 27 References 29 3 Microscopyandspectroscopyofwoolfiber 33 VinodKadamandAmmayappanLakshmanan 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Microscopytechniques 33 3.3 Spectroscopytechniques 38 3.4 Conclusion 45 References 45 4 Physicalandchemicalpropertiesofwoolfibers 49 AmmayappanLakshmanan 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Classificationofwoolfibers 52 4.3 Physicalpropertiesofwoolfiber 53 4.4 Chemicalpropertiesofwoolfiber 56 4.5 Roleofwoolfiberpropertiesforreinforcement 65 4.6 Conclusion 67 References 68
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