WOODY PLANTS OF THE MACHALILLA NATIONAL PARK, ECUADOR: A CHECK LIST

2016·21.5 MB·English

by  Lionel Hernández

Arnaldoa 23 363 - 392, 2016 ISSN: 1815-8242 (edición impresa)
(1):
ISSN: 2413-3299 (online edition)
Woody
of
Machalilla National
plañís the
A
check
Ecuador:
Park,
list
Plantas leñosas del Parque Nacional Machalilla,
Una
Ecuador: de especies
lista
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Woody A
L. Hernández et al: plants of the Machalilla National Park, Ecuador: check list
Recibido: 08 - 01 - 2016, aceptado 25 - 03 -2016; publicado junio 2016
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation requires maintaining an updated knowledge of the species. Therefore,
three complementary data sources: publications and reports, herbarium specimens, and
i) ii) iii)
A
and and
botanical databases. total of 579 morpho-species, belonging to 371 genera 93 families
have been recorded in the Park. The most species- and genera-rich families were Fabaceae and
%
The most were and
Malvaceae. specious genera Passiflora Inga. 5.35 of the total set of species is
endemic to Ecuador. The park contains significant levels of species richness and endemism, and a
quarter of the species are useful for local people. The conservation status of most species needs
still
be
to assessed.
Keywords: Ecuadorian dry Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Manabí,
biodiversity hotspot,
forest,
woody
endemism,
checklist, plants.
un
Para garantizar conservación de biodiversidad es necesario mantener conocimiento
la la
actualizado de las especies. En consecuencia, este trabajo presenta una lista de chequeo actualizada
de las especies de plantas leñosas del Parque Nacional Machalilla, que fue elaborada a partir de
En un
muestras botánicas, y iii) consulta de bases de datos botánicos. el parque se ha registrado total
mayor número
de 579 morfo-especies, pertenecientes a 371 géneros 93 familias. Las familias con
y el
fueron Passiflora e Inga. El 5,35% del conjunto total de especies corresponde a especies endémicas de
Ecuador. El parque contiene niveles significativos de riqueza endemismo de especies. Asimismo,
y
una cuarta parte de las especies son utilizadas por la población local. El estado de conservación de
la mayoría de las especies aún requiere ser evaluado.
Palabras clave: Bosque Seco Ecuatoriano, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Punto caliente de
biodiversidad, Manabí, endemismo, de chequeo, plantas leñosas
lista
conservation worldwide (Myers
Introduction et al, 2000).
The Machalilla National Park (MNP)
is
Ecuador' central coast part of the
s is
on
the only National Park the continental
ecoregion of the Ecuadorian dry forest
Coastal area of Ecuador. In the past, several
and
(Olson the biodiversity
et al, 2001)
have been conducted
botanical studies in the
hotspot Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena (Myers
park Cerón Gentry
(Alian 1989; 1991, 1993;
Rodriguez-Mahecha
et 2000; et al,
al.,
1992a, 1992b; Foster 1992a, 1992b; Tickell
Márchese
2004; 2015). a región of great
It is
Bonifaz de Elao Bonifaz de Elao
1993; 1994;
importance due high
biological to the
&
1994, et al, 1994; Josse 1996; Josse Balslev
number and
high
of species the levels of
& &
Cerón Montalvo Hernández
1994; 1997;
&
endemism
(Parker Carr Despite
1992).
Josse 1997), being the most complete records
under by
of that, threat deforestation,
it is
of plant species the of Foster
lists et (1992)
al.
&
and (Dodson
fragmentation degradation
&
and Cerón Montalvo although
(1997),
Gentry Tapia-Armijos and
1991; et al, 2015)
them whole
covered
neither of the park.
by low
the level of protected areas (Peralvo
Since then there has not been published
Ganzenmüller
et al, 2007; et al, 2010;
any update
to the plant of the park,
list
Lessmann
For these reasons
et al, 2014). all
known
even though
that biodiversity
it is
and due
the strong anthropogenic
to
pressure, a priority area for biodiversity
it is
ARNALDOA
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Woody A
nández etal:. plants of the Machalilla National Park, Ecuador: check
list
key issues to achieve the goals for plant "Garúa" plays a crucial role in the
Convention on
conservation set in the distribution of vegetation types in the park,
Biological Diversity (Joppa et al, 2013). This determines the noticeable hydrological
it
study aims compile comprehensive and and where humidity
to a altitudinal gradient,
known woody
updated with (Cerón
list of plant species increases altitude et al, 1999)
of the entire area of Machalilla National and distance from the coastline. According
Park, both on the Mainland as well as on the to this gradient, the vegetation formations
islands of La Plata and Salango, providing in the park Coastal scrub along the
are:
base line information required for park sea coast, dry scrub and deciduous forest
management and future studies. up to 250-300 m, and cloud forest above
300 m; (Foster 1992a, Foster 1992b; Gentry
and Methods
Materials
&
Cerón Montalvo The
1992b;
1997). latter
Study formation has evergreen canopy despite the
area
dry
climate
(Fig. 2B).
The
study area covers the entire
Data
Collection
Machalilla National Park ineludes
(Fig.
1). It
ha and ha
56,184 of land 14,430 of sea A
was
database developed with
(INEFAN
According Holdridge
1998). to the
woody
taxonomic
identification of
all
classification there are four climatic
(1947),
taxa recorded in the study area, including
vegetation formations: tropical thorn scrub,
trees, palms, shrubs, lianas and hemi-
very dry dry
tropical forest, tropical forest
The was
epiphytes. database information
and premontane dry (Cañadas
forest 1983).
obtained using three complementary
The average annual ranges between
rainfall
review and
sources: of publications
i)
mm
SENPLADES
and (CLIRSEN-
100
1,100
unpublished
available reports (Alian 1989;
This dry climate strongly influenced
2012).
is
Cerón
Foster et al, 1992; 1993; Tickell
by two ocean The Humboldt
currents. coid
&
1993; Josse Balslev 1994; Bonifaz 1994,
low
Current determines a period of
rainfall, &
Cerón Montalvo
Bonifaz
et 1994;
al.,
but high levels of humidity during the dry
&
Núñez
Hernández
1997; Josse 1997;
&
Cerón Montalvo querying
1997;
1998),
ii)
Panama
Current brings higher
rainfall
the Missouri Botanical Garden's Trópicos
between January and April, during the wet
database (Trópicos Gentry Data Set
2015),
's
&
season (Josse Balslev 1994, Martínez et
and Herbarium Database Aarhus
of
(2014)
The weather and
conditions the
al, 2006).
(AAU
University as well as data
2015),
iii)
Chongón-
presence of Coastal Cordillera
by
collection in the field V. Parés-Jiménez
m
up
Colonche with elevations to 800
and Hernández through
L. inventories,
strongly influence the spatial distribution
and botanical vouchers, conducted in two
and
winds, atmospheric
of precipitation
(Hernández
research projeets 2015, http://
moisture. These conditions induce a steady
Specimens were
faunamanabi.github.io).
low and
rainfall of intensity a condensation
according standard herbarium
collected to
ground
of moisture at level as persistent fog
procedures subsequent
for identification
in the higher areas, during the dry season.
Herbarium Ecuador
in the National of
phenomenon, denominated
This "garúa",
(QCNE), and using such
available literature
hidden
represents a horizontal or
rainfall,
Aguirre-Mendoza
Bonifaz
as al (2006b),
et
and occurs during the dry season above
it
de Cerón Cerón
Elao al
et (1994), (1991),
m
200 altitude along the mountainsides.
&
Cerón Montalvo Cerón
(1993), (1997),
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Woody A
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&
Montalvo Foster have not been registered in publications,
(1998), et al. (1992),
&
Gentry Hernández ñor
Josse available reports public databases.
(1992), (1997),
&
Núñez and 0rgensen León-Yánez
(1997),
j
Results
Many
specimens were
tree difficult
(1999).
A
to collect, since the samples taken from the total of 579 morpho-species of woody
treetops are mostly difficult to reach. In plants have been recorded, belonging 371
to
addition, most vouchers were taken from genera and 93 families (Table The ten
1).
sterile plants, so replicated vouchers of such most diverse families were Fabaceae
(69
specimens were needed (16)
often to reliably Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae
species),
(35),
distinguish morpho-species. Botanical
Solanaceae Rubiaceae
(30), (25), (24),
were under
collections carried out the Bignoniaceae Asteraceae Meliaceae
(18), (17),
research permit numbers: 013-2014-DPAM- Moraceae and Boraginaceae
(17)
(16), (14).
,
MAE
and 015-2014-At-DPAM-MAE
of The most genera-rich family was Fabaceae
the Ministry of Environment of Ecuador. with 42 genera, followed by Malvaceae
The
checklist is presented in tabular form, genera), Rubiaceae Asteraceae
(24
(19),
arranged in alphabetical order of families, Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae
(15),
,
genera and species. Nomenclature from Bignoniaceae Apocynaceae
(12), (12),
Missouri Botanical Garden's Trópicos Moraceae and Sapindaceae
(10), (8), (7).
was and
database followed (Trópicos 2015), However, seven other families (Arecaceae,
ñames were The
species standardized using Capparaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae,
The
Plant database (The Plant and
List List 2015). Meliaceae, Primulaceae Urticaceae)
provides, for each species, the botanical have seven genera The most
list as well.
ñame,
the information source(s) reporting
specious genera were:
species).
Passiflora (13
when
voucher
species in the park, the
Inga Piper Euphorbia Trichüia
(11), (10),
(9),
and
available, as well as the conservation- Cordia Ficus Ipomoea Solanum
(9), (8), (8), (8)
We
endemism
endemic
the status. defined Senna and The most genera
Sida
(8), (6) (6).
Endemism
Ecuador.
species restricted to have only one
species.
and conservation assessment were checked
endemic
Thirty-one species are
to
Red
using the List of Ecuadorian endemic
which
Ecuador, corresponds 5,35%
to of
(León-Yánez and
plants the online
2011)
etal.,
The
the total set of species. conservation
IUCN
Red (IUCN The
database
List 2015).
most
status of species (95%) has not yet
vouchers were
indicated in the collected
list
been
evaluated or the available information
by Alwin H. Gentry, Bente Bang Klitgaard,
was
Information
insufficient. available
is
Cerón-M, Consuelo Hernández,
Carlos
was
endemic
for the thirty-one species.
It
Carmen Hakan
Claes Persson, Lionel
Josse,
assessed that, twenty-one of them fall under
Hernández, Lindsay Woodruff, Herbario
of
threatened categories: three vulnerable
Museo Tamara Núñez,
the Salango, Violeta
(VU), seventeen endangered (EN) and one
Parés-Jiménez and Xavier Cornejo. To our
endangered Based on
(CR). the
critically
knowledge,
the largest botanical collections
&
Cerón and Hernández
studies of
(1993)
(more than 500 vouchers) in the park were
we
found
Josse that 143 species
(1997), (24,7
made
by Cerón-M,
A. Gentry,
C. C. Josse
in the are used by local people as
%) list
and Hernández. The does not
L. checklist
food, handicrafts, medicine,
fertilizer, fuel,
inelude those specimens collected in the
fodder, building materials,
toiletries,
park and deposited in herbaria, which
and
utensils, furniture, poison (information
ARNALDOA
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Woody A
nández etal:. plants of the Machalilla National Park, Ecuador: check
list
not indicated in Table findings of other studies in western
1).
which
Ecuador, consider vascular plant
all
map
Location of Machalilla
Fig.
1.
such Jauneche (Dodson
species, as at et
Manabí and
National Park, collection sites
Palenque (Dodson Gentry
— 1985),
al.
«Se
we made
three outside the park,
at sites
and Mache-Chindul Mountains
1978)
we
which had
vouchers
of species for
fertile
(Clark et 2006). Despite this limitation
al.,
not found individuáis with flowers or
fruits
We
we
dared compare. found
to that the
in the park.
species richness in the Machalilla National
woody
Table Checklist of species of
1. Park almost half of the richness
is (1,346
the Machalilla National Park, Ecuador.
Mache-Chindul Mountains
species) of the
and
(Clark lower than
et 2006) slightly
al.,
Legend
of table
1:
(Dodson
Jauneche's riclmess of 728 species
S=Conservation Status according to
and
Palenque's richness of 870
et 1985),
al.,
IUCN *
red of threatened species; &
list (Dodson Gentry The most
species
1978).
DD:
LC:
Categories: data deficient; least
specious families are mainly the families
NT: VU:
concern; nearly threatened;
number With
with
the largest of genera.
EN: endangered; CR:
vulnerable;
critically
the exception of three families (Solanaceae,
E=endemic
endangered. Ecuador.
to
and
Rubiaceae Asteraceae), the ten
first
Source=Information source each
for species,
most our match
species-rich families in
list
number
with bold voucher
for source, as
most
the top ten diverse families in the
own
follows: Violeta Parés Jiménez
#(1) woody by
of species reported Linares-
list
Hernández
collection in Lionel
field;
(2) Palomino for the Ecuadorian and
et al. (2010)
&
own
Cerón
collection in
field;
(3) Northern Peruvian seasonally dry forests
Montalvo Cerón
Foster
(1997); (1991);
(4) (5) (Equatorial Pacific Región after Peralvo
et
Gentry's Data
Set
et al. (1992); (2014); The and
(6) 2007). species- genera-richness
al.,
&
Hernández
Balsev
Josse
(1994);
(7) (8) «Se highlights the dominance of Fabaceae
Cerón
Josse Tickell,
(1997); (1993);
(10) which
(9) doubles the richness of Malvaceae,
1993; Alian, 1989; Bonifaz de Elao On
(11) (12) second most
the diverse family. the
Bonifaz de Elao
(1994); (13) et al. (1994); (14) most genus
contrary, the diverse
Passiflora,
&
Cerón Montalvo
Trópicos database;
(15) belongs to the Passifloraceae family with
AAU
Núñez
(1998); (1997); (2015).
(16) (17) only one genus in park, but the second most
Voucher: Voucher number and
of
initials
diverse genus. belongs Fabaceae.
Inga, to
AG: Alwin
H. Gentry, BK: Bente
collector;
$: The
prevalence of Fabaceae not surprising
is
Bang CC: Cerón-M,
Klitgaard, Carlos
E.
because this family considered to be the
is
CH: Carmen
Consuelo Hernández,
CJ:
most
species-rich family in the Neotropical
Hakan
LH:
CP: Claes Persson, Lionel
Josse,
dry (Gentry Penington
forests 1995,
et
LW:
Hernández, Lindsay Woodruff, SH:
The
poverty
2009). relative of typical
al.,
Herbario del Museo de Salango, TN:
families of Neotropical dry forests, such as
Tamara Núñez, VP: Violeta Parés Jiménez,
Capparaceae and Cactaceae (Penington
et
XC: Xavier Cornejo.
The endemism
2009) is striking. level of
al.,
found study lower than
in this (5,35 %) is
Discussion
% endemism
around
the levels of 20 of
The morpho-
present study ineludes
Western
of vascular plants estimated for
woody
&
species of oniy plants, so it is Ecuador (Dodson Gentry and 21
1991)
compare with
difficult to the results
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%
for dry forests in the western lowlands Park, hampering the adequate work of
of the coast of Ecuador and Perú, but conservation and management measures.
is
it
%
endemism
similar to the of 7 estimated Finally, should be noted that the database
it
woody
for species in the dry forests in of the present study represents a baseline.
the western lowlands of Coastal Ecuador It serves to answer the initial questions of
how many woody
(Aguirre-Mendoza which and
et al, 2006a). This species of
may
relatively low level of endemism have plants are in the park. Thus, the future
know how
been resulted from three factors: The challenge to big the populations
is
(1)
have what
recent increase in botanical collections are, find out their spatial distribution
knowledge on and what
led to a better the geographic assess their conservation status
is
distribution of species, thus the distribution This important in order to provide
is. is
of species previously considered endemics robust information to develop an efficient
expanded Changes and management
has (Villaseñor applicable tools for the
2015);
(2)
in species nomenclature regarding to the Park.
Endemism
and
original description,
(3)
Acknowledgements
defined within the boundaries
political
We
some
of Ecuador ruled out species with thank Rosendo Quimis,
Policarpio
beyond
restricted distribution just the Ortega and Ernesto Merchán
for their
endemic
border, especially those species support in the field and for sharing their
to the Equatorial Pacific Región, a inestimable knowledge about vegetation
which
phytogeographic región unifies the and ecosystems of Machalilla National
dry western Ecuador
seasonally forests of and Diana Poaquiza
Park; Jorge Moreira,
and Northern Perú
(Peralvo 2007, and Sueanny Espinosa
et al., for transcribing
We
Linares-Palomino 2010
et al, )-Cynophalla data. thank too Shirley Zurita Alfaro
heterophylla exemplifies this case. Also, the for preparing the map. This research was
number
endemic
of species estimated in this supported by Universidad Laica Eloy
would
study possibly increase significantly Alfaro de Manabí, Secretaría Nacional de
by with growth
incorporating species other and
Planificación Desarrollo a research
y
forms, especially epiphytes like orchids. grant Hernández from Prometeo
to L.
endemism
Orchid unusually high
at Nacional de Educación
is Project of Secretaría
several sites of western Ecuador, like at Superior (SENESCYT) Ecuador. This work
of
Juaneche with 24%, Capeira with 50%,
at a contribution of the projects: "Estructura,
is
and conceming Río Palenque with 28%
composición biomasa de bosques
a lo
y
&
(Dodson Gentry un
1991). largo de gradiente altitudinal en
el
Parque Nacional Machalilla alrededores"
we woody y
summary, found
In that the
and "Caracterización ecológica de fauna
la
park
flora of the contains significant levels of
mediana grande en áreas protegidas de
y la
and endemism, and about
species richness
provincia de Manabí".
a quarter of the species are useful for local
no
people, but there available information
is
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ñame
Botanical S* E Source# Voucher$
Acanthaceae
Aphelandra sp. R. Br. 13
Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. 10-11
SH395
14
Dicliptera sp. Juss. 5, 11,
VU
X
Wassh. SH161
ianthina 11
Justicia
TN107
Hook.
14
Ruellia floribunda
Kunth
Ruellia inundata 10
Nees
Tetramerium nervosum 10,14
Achatocarpaceae
Achatocarpus pubescen C. H. Wright 14-15, 17
1, 3,
Adoxaceae
Viburnum
5
sp. L.
Aizoaceae
CC11761
Sesuvium portulacastrum L. 14
(L.)
CC13982
Trianthema portulacastrum L. 14
Alstroemeriaceae
AG72588
Bomarea obovata Herb. 5,14
Amaranthaceae
CC14009
Alternanthera echinocephala (Hook. Christoph. 14
f.)
SH87
Alternanthera halimifolia (Lam.) Standl. ex Pittier 11
Amaranthus 10
aff. viridis L.
Kunth AG72447
Chamissoa 14
altissima (Jacq.) 2-3, 5-6,
Euphrasén SH50
11
Iresine angustifolia
&
Humb.
Bonpl. ex Willd. 3
Iresine
diffusa
AG72605
Pleuropetalum sprucei (Hook. Standl. 14
f.)
Anacardiaceae
Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl. 5
Kunth VP088
Mauria 7
heterophylla 1-2,
3,
mombin
Spondias L. 3,14
CC11717
Spondias purpurea L. 9,14
Aubl. 14
Tapirira sp. 5-6,
Annonaceae
&
Annona LH2063
Triana Planch. 2
cherimolioides
&
Don
Annona cónica Ruiz Pav. ex G. 8
Annona (Westra) H. Rainer 14 AG72449
deceptrix
Annona
muricata 8
L.
CC13949
Cremastosperma gracilipes R.E. Fr. 14
EN
X
Chatrou
3
Klarobelia lucida (Diels)
Raimondia quinduensis (Kunth) 3,5
Saff.
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