Woody Plant Communities

587 Pages·1981·8.823 MB·English

by  T.T. Kozlowski (Eds.)

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
H. E. BARRS H. G. JONES
B. CALLANDER P. E. KRIEDEMANN
W. R. CHANEY J. J. LANDSBERG
D. DOLEY S. G. PALLARDY
F. DUHME H. RICHTER
T. M. HINCKLEY G. R. SQUIRE
P. R. JARVIS R. Ο. TESKEY
D. WHITEHEAD
WATER DEFICITS
AND PLANT GROWTH
EDITED BY
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
MADISON, WISCONSIN
VOLUME VI
Woody Plant Communities
1981
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
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United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Water deficits and plant growth.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Development, control, and
measurement—v. 2. Plant water consumption and
response—[etc.]—v. 6. Woody plant communties.
1. Plants—Water requirements. 2. Growth
(Plants). 3. Plant-water relationships. A. Plant
diseases. I. Kozlowski, T. T. (Theodore Thomas),
Date.
QK870.W38 582'.013 68-14658
ISBN 0-12-424156-5 (v. 6) AACR2
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
H. D. BARRS (325), Division of Irrigation Research, C.S.I.R.O., Griffith,
New South Wales, Australia
B. CALLANDER (471), Department of Physiology and Environmental Stud-
ies, School of Agriculture, University of Nottingham, Sutton
Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, England
WILLIAM R. CHANEY (1), Department of Forestry and Natural Re-
sources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
D. DOLEY (209), Botany Department, University of Queensland, St.
Lucia, Queensland, Australia
F. DUHME (153), Lehrstuhl für Landschaftsökologie, Technische Univer-
sität München, D-8050 Freising-Weihenstephan, Federal Republic of
Germany
T. M. HINCKLEY* (153), School of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, Uni-
versity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
P. G. JARVIS (49), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Scotland
H. G. JONES (419), East Mailing Research Station, East Mailing,
Maidstone, Kent, England
P. E. KRIEDEMANN (325), Division of Irrigation Research, C.S.I.R.O.,
Griffith, New South Wales, Australia
J. J. LANDSBERG (419), Long Ashton Research Station, Long Ashton,
Bristol, England
* Present Address: College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195
ix
χ List of Contributors
STEPHEN G. PALLARDY (511), School of Forestry, Fisheries and Wild-
life, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
H. RICHTER (153). Botanisches Institut, Universität für Bodenkultur,
Vienna, Austria
G. R. SQUIRE (471), Department of Physiology and Environmental Stud-
ies, School of Agriculture, University of Nottingham, Sutton
Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, England
R. O. TESKEY* (153), School of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, Univer-
sity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
D. WHITEHEAD (49), Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Ser-
vice, Private Bag, Rotorua, New Zealand
* Present Address: College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195
PREFACE
The emphasis in this volume is on the water relations of woody plants
in a community context. The ecosystems discussed include forest trees as
well as trees grown for fruit crops and leaf crops.
The opening chapter presents a quantitative overview of sources of
water available to woody plants. Separate chapters follow on water rela-
tions of coniferous forests, temperate hardwood forests, tropical and sub-
tropical forests and woodlands, closely related woody plants, apple or-
chards, citrus orchards, and tea plantations.
For each of the plant communities discussed, emphasis is given to
hydrological cycles; water use and transpiration; absorption of water;
effects of environmental factors on soil and plant water balance; effects of
water deficits on physiological processes; vegetative and reproductive
growth; yield of harvested products; drought resistance; and cultural
practices affecting plant water balance and yield. The subject matter is
sufficiently varied so as to make this volume useful to both researchers
and those involved in the practice of growing woody plants for wood and
fruit crops and for their esthetic values. In this volume water deficits are
characterized in bars or megapascals (Mpa) depending on preferences of
individual authors (1 bar =0.1 Mpa).
The contributors to this volume were chosen for their research pro-
ductivity and extensive experience with the particular plant communities
discussed. I wish to express my sincere thanks to each author for his
scholarly contribution as well as cooperation during the production
phases.
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
xi
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
VOLUME I. DEVELOPMENT, CONTROL,
AND MEASUREMENT
1. Introduction
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
2. Water Structure and Water in the Plant Body
A. S. CRAFTS
3. Terminology in Plant and Soil Water Relations
S. A. TAYLOR
4. Evaporation of Water from Plants and Soil
C. B. TANNER
5. Availability and Measurement of Soil Water
W. R. GARDNER
6. Plant Factors Influencing the Water Status of Plant Tissues
I. R. COWAN and F. L. MILTHORPE
7. Drought-Resistance Mechanisms
JOHNSON PARKER
8. Determination of Water Deficits in Plant Tissues
H. D. BARRS
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME II. PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION
AND RESPONSE
1. Water Consumption by Agricultural Plants
Μ. Ε. JENSEN
2. Water Consumption by Forests
A. J. RUTTER
3. Water Deficits and Physiological Processes
A. S. CRAFTS
4. Water Deficits and Growth of Herbaceous Plants
C. T. GATES
5. Water Deficits and Growth of Trees
R. ZAHNER
xiii
xiv Contents of Other Volumes
6. Water Deficits in Vascular Disease
P. W. TALBOYS
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME III. PLANT RESPONSES AND CONTROL OF
WATER BALANCE
1. Shrinking and Swelling of Plant Tissues
Τ. Τ. KOZLOWSKI
2. Soil Moisture and Seed Germination
D. HlLLEL
3. Water Deficits and Reproductive Growth
MERRILL R. KAUFMANN
4. Protoplasmic Resistance to Water Deficits
JOHNSON PARKER
5. Water Deficits and Enzymatic Activity
GLENN W. TODD
6. Water Deficits and Nutrient Availability
FRANK G. VIETS, JR.
7. Water Deficits and Nitrogen Metabolism
AUBREY W. TAYLOR
8. Water Deficits and Hormone Relations
AVINOAM LIVNE AND YOASH VAADIA
9. Physiological Basis and Practical Problems of Reducing Transpiration
ALEXANDRA POLJAKOFF-MAYBER AND J. GALE
10. Soil Water Conservation
D. HlLLEL AND E. RAWITZ
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME IV. SOIL WATER MEASUREMENT, PLANT
RESPONSES, AND BREEDING FOR DROUGHT RESISTANCE
1. Measurement of Water Content and the State of Water in Soils
S. L. RAWLINS
2. Structure and Functioning of Stomata
W. G. ALLA WAY AND F. L. MILTHORPE
3. Stomatal Conductance in the Control of Gas Exchange
F. J. BURROWS AND F. L. MILTHORPE
Contents of Other Volumes xv
4. Water Deficits and Photosynthesis
J. S. BOYER
5. Water Supply and Leaf Shedding
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
6. Water Deficits and Flow of Latex
B. R. BUTTERY AND S. G. BOATMAN
7. Water Deficits and Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules
JANET I. SPRENT
8. Plant Breeding for Drought Resistance
E. A. HURD
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME V. WATER AND PLANT DISEASE
1. Water Relations of Diseased Plants
PETER G. AYRES
2. Water Stress as a Predisposing Factor in Plant Disease
DONALD F. SCHOENEWEISS
3. Abiotic Diseases Induced by Unfavorable Water Relations
R. D. DURBIN
4. Water and Spore Liberation
C. T. INGOLD
5. Water and the Infection Process
C. E. YARWOOD
6. Effect of Soil Moisture on Survival and Spread of Pathogens
D. M. GRIFFIN
7. Moisture and Seed Decay
C. M. CHRISTENSEN
8. Moisture and Deterioration of Wood
D. W. FRENCH AND C. M. CHRISTENSEN
9. Moisture as a Factor in Epidemiology and Forecasting
A. F. VAN DER WAL
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
CHAPTER 1
SOURCES OF WATER
William R. Chaney
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES, PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA
I. Introduction 1
World Water Resources 1
II. Sources of Moisture for Woody Plants 4
A. Atmospheric Moisture 4
B. Soil Water 19
C. Internal Water Reservoirs 32
References 40
I. INTRODUCTION
Of the myriad of environmental factors influencing distribution and
growth of woody plants, water is of paramount importance and is usually
the most limiting throughout the world. This situation exists even though
global supplies of water are immense. However, the interaction of air
circulation patterns, topography, temperature, and edaphic factors result
in uneven distribution and availability of this moisture. Consequently, the
forms of moisture utilized by trees, and the adaptations necessary for its
utilization, are quite diverse.
This chapter will consider the use and importance to woody plants of
moisture that occurs in the atmosphere, the soil, and internal tissues. The
physical, anatomical, and physiological factors that affect the availability
and absorption of the various forms of moisture will be emphasized.
WORLD WATER RESOURCES
Of the world's total water supply, only an extremely small part is
available to woody plants during any one year. Approximately 93% of the
earth's 165 trillion acre-feet of water is in the oceans and seas. The re-
1
Water Deficits and Plant Growth, Vol. VI
Copyright © 1981 by Academic Press, Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN 0-12-424156-5