Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention PDF
Preview Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention
W M OOD ICROBIOLOGY W M OOD ICROBIOLOGY Decay and Its Prevention Second Edition ROBERT A. ZABEL SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States JEFFREY J. MORRELL National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Figure Courtesy of Cover: SERI ROBINSON Wood Science and Engineering College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-819465-2 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionsEditor:AnnaValutkevich EditorialProjectManager:SaraValentino ProductionProjectManager:SreejithViswanathan CoverDesigner:VickyPearson TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication Dedicated to the late Theodore C. Scheffer and his students and collea- gues at the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison whose research achievements over the past 75 years have laid the foundation for the prin- ciples and practices for the microbiology of wood. Contents Foreword xv Preface xvii 1. Introductionto wood microbiology 1 Wood-aremarkablematerial 2 Woodvalueanduses 3 Potentialusesofwood 3 Wooddisadvantages 4 Decaylossesandfuturewoodneeds 5 Reducingdecaylosses 5 Woodpathologyvswoodmicrobiology 6 Historicalperspectivesofwoodpathology 7 Conceptsandterminologyinwoodmicrobiology 13 Summary 15 References 16 2. Wood deterioration agents 19 Abioticdamage 20 Bioticdamage 21 Chemicaldecompositionofwood 26 Isoptera(termites) 29 Coleoptera(beetles) 36 Hymenoptera(beesandants) 41 Marineborerdamage 43 Wooddecaysanddiscolorationscausedbyfungi 47 Summary 48 References 51 Furtherreading 54 3. The characteristics andclassificationof fungi andbacteria 55 Fungiinrelationtootherlifeforms 56 Bacteria 58 Fungi 59 Aclassificationoffungi 81 Aclassificationofbacteria 89 Therolesoffungiandbacteriainecosystemsandhumanaffairs 92 vii viii Contents Summary 93 References 95 Furtherreading 97 4. Factorsaffecting the growth andsurvival of fungi in wood (fungal ecology) 99 Majorgrowthneedsofwood-inhabitingfungi 100 Oxygen 106 Substrate(foodsources) 118 Chemicalgrowthfactors 120 Vitaminsandminormetals 122 Light 123 Miscellaneousfactors 123 Summary 124 References 124 Furtherreading 127 5. Fungal metabolismin relationto wood decay 129 Energysources,transfer,andstorage 130 Absorptionofdigestionproducts 138 Aerobicrespiration 139 Fermentation 143 Anaerobicrespiration 143 Enzymeinhibitors 144 Nutritioninrelationtofungalgrowthrequisitesanddecaycontrol 145 Summary 145 References 147 Furtherreading 147 6. The decaysetting: Some structural,chemical,and moisture features ofwood features of wood inrelation to decay development 149 Woodfunctions 150 Distributionofthemajorchemicalsinthewoodcellwall 169 Organizationallevelsinthecellwall 172 Wood-waterrelationships 173 Woodvariability 178 Summary 180 References 182 Furtherreading 183 Contents ix 7. General features,recognition, and anatomicalaspects of wood decay 185 Thedualnatureofdecay 186 Generalfeaturesofwooddecaystages 186 Recognitionofdecay(visualevidences) 191 Otherdecaydetectionprocedures 194 Typesandclassificationsofwooddecay 196 Softrots-anewdecaytype 197 Othercommonwooddecaygroups 200 Someanatomicalfeaturesofwooddecay 201 Anearlyhistoryandmajorcontributionstotheanatomyofdecay 201 Theprincipalanatomicalfeaturesofdecay 203 Someresearchneeds 208 Summary 210 References 211 Furtherreading 214 8. Chemicalchanges in wood caused bydecayfungi 215 Changesincellwallcomponentsbydecaytype 216 Thechemicalmechanismsofwooddecay 223 Cellulosedecomposition 223 Hemicellulosesdecomposition 228 Lignindecomposition 229 Bacterialrolesinwooddecomposition 235 Adecaymodelandrelatedresearchneeds 236 Summary 239 References 241 9. Ultrastructural features ofwood decay 245 Electronmicroscopy 246 Somewoodandfungalultrastructuralfeatures 248 Woodultrastructuralchangesduringdecay 250 Summary 262 References 264 Furtherreading 269 10. Changes in the strengthandphysical propertiesof wood causedby decay fungi 271 Woodweightloss(biomassloss) 272 x Contents Density/specificgravityloss 274 Strength(mechanical)properties 275 Hygroscopicity 283 Caloricvalue 283 Permeability 284 Electricalproperties 285 Acousticproperties 286 Summary 287 References 288 11. Colonization andmicrobial interactions in wood decay 293 Someecologicalconceptsandterminology 294 Commonwoodinhabitantsduringdecay 297 Successioninwooddecay 303 Researchneedsonecologyofdecayfungi 305 Summary 306 References 307 12. Decays originatingin the stemsofliving trees 311 Historicalhighlights 312 Stemdecaytypes 313 Stemdecayorigins 314 Typesofstemwounds 316 Stemtissuereactionstowounding 316 Compartmentalizationandsuccession 317 Ratesofdecaydevelopment 319 Recognitionofstemdecays 319 Somecommonstemdecays 321 Majorheartrots 321 Commonsaprots 331 Hostspecificstemdecayfungi 332 Somecolonizationstrategiesofstemdecayfungi 332 Summary 333 References 335 Furtherreading 338 13. Biodeterioration of stored wood and its control 339 Typesofstorageloss 340 Pulpwood 350 Contents xi Pulpwoodchips 353 Summary 358 References 360 Furtherreading 362 14. Wood molds,stains anddiscolorations 363 Historical 364 Typesofwooddiscoloration 364 Enzymaticandchemicalstains 365 Colorchangesassociatedwithincipientdecay 369 Fungalstainsormolds 370 Summary 379 References 380 15. Decay problems associatedwith some major uses of wood products 385 Decayhazard 386 Typesofwoodproductsdecayfungi 389 Decayofwoodproducts 390 Adecaycontrolprinciple 406 Summary 407 References 407 Furtherreading 410 16. The detection of decay 411 Locationofdecay 412 Decaydetectiondifficulties 413 Basicsamplingfordecay 413 Anidealdecaydetectiondevice 414 Physicaldecaydetection 415 Mechanicaldecaydetection 416 Electricaldecaydetection 420 Acousticdecaydetection 422 Spectroscopytools 425 Laboratorydecaydetection 425 Summary 430 References 431 Furtherreading 435
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