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June 2012 Vol 56 Chief Editor : Rina Sonowal Kouli Joint Director (Production) : V.K. Meena Editor : Manogyan R. Pal Cover Design : Ruby Kumari E-mail (Editorial) : [email protected] (Circulation) : pdjucir_ [email protected] Website : www.yojana.gov.in Let noble thoughts come to us from every side Rig Veda CONTENTS RETHINKING POLICY ON CHILD SEx RATIOS WOMEN AND PANCHAYATI RAJ Mary E John ......................................................................................5 Nupur Tiwari ...................................................................................36 DO YOu KNOw? NCW: TWENTY YEARS OF EMPOWERING WOMEN SOME FACTS ABOUT DOMESTIC Mamta Sharma ..................................................................................9 VIOLENCE ACT, 2005 ..................................................................41 STREE SHAKTI WOMEN SELF HELP GROUPS Rashmi Singh ..................................................................................13 Kahnu Charan Dhir .........................................................................42 BEST PRACTICES NORTH EAST DIARY ...............................................................18 PEARL IN THE SAND – TARA DEVI Dilip Bidawat ..................................................................................47 EMPOWERING WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE Amrit Patel ......................................................................................19 SHODHYATRA ELECTRIC PAINTING BRUSH ....................................................50 EMPOWERED WOMEN, EMPOWERED NATION Shahin Razi .....................................................................................24 AMENDING ARCHAIC LAWS TO EMPOWER WOMEN Moushumi Das Gupta .....................................................................52 WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT ACROSS INDIAN STATES Arundhati Chattopadhyay ...............................................................29 J&K wINDOw ..........................................................................56 Our Representatives : Ahmedabad: Amita Maru, Bangalore: B.S. Meenakshi, Chennai: I. Vijayan, Guwahati: Anupoma Das, Hyderabad: V. Balakrishna, Kolkata: Antara Ghosh, Mumbai: Minakshi Banerjee, Thiruvananthapuram: VM Ahmad. YOJANA seeks to carry the message of the Plan to all sections of the people and promote a more earnest discussion on problems of social and economic development. Although published by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Yojana is not restricted to expressing the official point of view. Yojana is published in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. EDITORIAL OFFICE : Yojana Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel.: 23096738, 23042511. Tlgm.: Yojana. Business Manager (Hqs.) : Ph :24367260, 24365609, 24365610 For new subscriptions, renewals, enquiries please contact : Business Manager (Circulation & Advt.), Publications Division, Min. of I&B, East Block-IV, Level-VII, R.K. 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Yojana does not own responsibility regarding the contents of the advertisements. YYOOJJAANNAA JJuunnee 22001122 11 IAS STUDY CIRCLE FOR STRATEGY, ADVICE & R. S. CHAUHAN 09811641574 / 09999965832 / 09899778994 INFORMATION CONSULT: (Director & Chief Consultant) M. P Regular Classes Public Administration URI By IAS-Main, 2012 Simple and Lucid style of teaching.Personal attention and feedback. All the topics covered in a Comprehensive, Systematic and Time-bound manner. No one covers all the topics except Puri Sir. Contemporary developments with latest inputs from relevant sources included. Detailed lectures interlinking all the overlapping areas of Paper I and II. Complete focus on basic understanding of concepts without compromising the essence of Paper-II. Mind it ! Paper-II is not G. S. Indian Polity. Stress on developing subject specific vocabulary. Analysis of previous years questions. Anticipation of expected questions.  Exclusive doubt-clearing sessions. 6 Tests evaluated and discussed in person by Puri Sir. Admissions Limited Meticulously designed and up-to-date study material. Open Seats SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES (2009-10) SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES (2010-11) (2008-09) Shilpa Prabhakar Tejaswi S. Naik GRha. nNRsoah.n y-k a0 -m0 23 5T7h1o0ri R. NRDoa. .nD -k i3 v-7 y37a7367 BhaRw.a NRnoai .nS -k. 0 K-0 h55a75n0g7arot VaRd.h RNwaoan.n k-a 1- R8272o67h3i 6Kr. ViRn.a RNya oKn. rk-. 0-K 02a79n61t8h1eti RM.e RNeatoun. k-A 0-g 53a51r1w04a3l RA. jNaRyoa .P n-r k0a 0-k 29a0s4h0 RV.i nNRaoay.n P-k .0 -S0 1i4n47g5h0 RP.. SNRuoan.n i-kl 0 K-0 u16m826a7r RA. mNRoait.n K-k i 0s-2 h42o57r 0 e6 RA. RkNaaosn.h k- G-0 11u12p53t4 a 6 R.A RNnaokn.i kt- G1- 4o153y58a2 l 2 SaRn. tRNoasonh. k -H 0- a32d80i49m9 a1ni R. No. - 145462 R. No. - 100057 Rank - 46 Rank - 132 Abhishek Modi Devender Singh Prateek Kr. Mishra Anjaneyulu Hemant S. Shirast Pravin Mundhe Namit Mehta Budruk G. Balasaheb Kapil Meena Karma R. Bonpo Rajveer Sachin Kr. Singh R. No. - 040071 R. No. - 014464 R. No. - 059315 R. No. - 007105 R. No. - 025934 R. No. - 002233 R. No. - 344294 R. No. - 000483 R. No. - 000576 R. No. - 036131 R. No. - 003872 R. No. - 082078 Rank - 223 Rank - 253 Rank - 270 Rank - 278 Rank - 294 Rank - 415 Rank - 430 Rank - 359 Rank - 371 Rank - 394 Rank - 417 Rank - 521 Sandeep Rathod Karthik Kashyap R. No. - 016750 R. No. - 005187 Rank - 136 Rank - 140 Vikram Singh Harjot S. Sandhu Pulkit Singhal Karan Thapar Veerabhadram VislavathSunil Kumar Meena RK. e Neroth. -i T02h2e2j 4N3 RU. dNhoa. m- 0 D24a8s4s0 R. RNaos. h- m16i 0G8.03 SRr. iNdhoa. r- 0G0e8d0e7la9 URd. aNyo .K -r .1 B59h0a3rt8i RA. nNkou. r- K0u1m85a5r3 R. RNaon. k- 1- 9512307 1 R. RNaon. k- 0- 15872125 R. RNaon. k- 0- 1508992 0 R. RNaon. k- 0- 2601158 3 R. RNaon. k- 0- 07798164 R. RNaon. k- 0- 28238992 Rank - 547 Rank - 617 Rank - 687 Rank - 705 Rank - 809 Rank - 844 NAME R. NO.RANK NAME R. NO.RANK NAME R. NO. RANK Mantri Govind Rao 006427 31 Manoj Kumar 072605 343 Rahul Kumar 039417 36 Bharti 007332 380 R. RJN.a oMn. ka- h0- e62s57h4803 RR. aRNhaoun.l k -M 0- a05h15a24t5o0 YYeaoshlaw Naintet eGn. VS.ubhash 208386155593 110067 PBahrutphiinbdaner P Kumar 108470424013 113452 SS..S A. jCeehtahuah Baengum 016899257339 339917 NAME ROLL NO. RANK DJahyaanbahnajarayt hPia Jra.shuram 09090303093 335975 SSarimkaenetr PSahnadremya 333288552051 128222 SMa.Cn.tVo.sMh. BRaebdud yK. 017935923103 451100 Ghanshyam Thori 003101 277 Shrikant Govindrao 4300349 400 Anam Benish 312359 249 Amulya K.G. 041162 609 Darshan J. 371685 467 Priyanka Dhar 022389 285 Avinash K. Nilankar 014441 690 Karan Thapar 007783 340 Dhuppe Shivraj 005254 525 Chander Mohan Th. 051471 292 Chandram 056508 760 Aman Preet 035560 701 A. Saurabh Chandra 005044 303 Sanap B. Reddy 004036 763 Vinay Kr. Kantheti 005145 429 Uma Maheswari S. 079455 723 Rohit 013325 866 MAIN GENERAL STUDIES By M. PURI & Team TEST SERIES, 2012 12 Tests. Personal attention and feedbackHigh quality inputs to improve writing skills to maximize score in Mains. Thoroughly professional and qualitative program covering all the topics (traditional and contemporary) systematically.  Latest inputs on contemporary developments to enrich the quality of answers. Highly productive program ensuring final touch to your preparation in an easy and precise manner. REGULAR CLASSES Sociology By DR. ASHISH KR. SINGH AND TEST SERIES Highest marks (380) scored by Amit Kishore (AIR-45), CSE-2010. Comprehensive coverage of the entire syllabus including 5 Tests. Admissions Limited Contemporary developments with latest inputs from relevant sources included. Open Seats Personal attention and feedback. 12 0 Up-to-date Study Material. 5/2 4 25/24, 2nd Floor, Old Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi-60, Ph. 011-45615533, E-Mail: [email protected], Website: www.visionindiaias.com E- Y 2 YOJANA June 2012 About the Issue Empowerment of women is a major social phenomenon which requires an understanding of its multi-dimensional influence, including our family structures and units. The 2011 Census contains an important message because it is far from a balanced gender ratio. More worrisome is the child sex ratio in the 0-6 age group as it reflects the continuing bias against girls. The challenge is to work towards a balanced population and if these prejudices are to be overcome, the rights of women need to be protected. Greater access to education, health, skill building, credit facilities and opportunities for decision making and legal rights should be made available to women to empower them. The principle of gender equality is enshrined in our Constitution which guarantees equality to women, and empowers the State to adopt measures of positive determination in favour of women for removing the cumulative socio-economic, educational disadvantages faced by them. Within a framework of democratic polity, our laws, development policies, plans and programmes have aimed at women's advancement in different spheres. The government has several programmes which cover welfare and support services, awareness generation and gender sensitization. These programmes play a supplementary role to other developmental programmes in health, education, agriculture and rural development sectors. All these efforts are directed to make women economically and socially empowered so that they can become equal and active partners in national development along with men. The National Policy for Empowerment of Women, 2001 has outlined three policy approaches to do away with gender inequality. It has been proposed to make the legal system more responsive and gender sensitive to women's needs. Moreover, women must be economically and socially empowered through focussed efforts. Statistics showed the overall picture of gender inequality in India is stark and the way out is not to camouflage reality by resolving to tokenism and parading exceptions, but tackling problems head on. But mere Government intervention is not enough. Better results can be produced by determined women citizens empowering themselves and being encouraged to do so by enlightened segments of society and public opinion. Government of India's policy on women development has undergone various shift of emphasis since independence. The most significant changes occurred during the Fifth Five Year Plan with the shift from welfare to development. During the Eighth Plan, there was a renewed emphasis on development of women as equal partners in the development process. Today, with focus on inclusive growth, there is a heightened awareness about inclusiveness and empowerment. Women need to empower themselves from below, and this calls for a change of values and behavior and the need for economic empowerment. All problems centre around inequality and therefore, steps to promote equality of treatment and full integration of women in the development of the country must be promoted. This edition of Yojana dwells on some of these contentious issues, initiatives, success stories, and the problems and prospects that confront the policy makers in bringing about holistic empowerment of women in India. It would be apt to quote Swami Vivekananda "There is no chance of the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing." Surely it is time to change this. q YYOOJJAANNAA JJuunnee 22001122 33 2 1 0 2 6/ 4 E- Y 4 YOJANA June 2012 WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT CONCERNS Rethinking Policy on Child Sex Ratios Mary E John OW SHOULD we overview of broad patterns in the H approach the whole last two decades. (One might keep question of sex ratios at the back of our minds not just that and the counting of this period happens to correspond to girls? This is a very the so-called era of neo-liberalism, important question to ask at a time but also that it spans roughly a when the child sex ratio has dropped generation.) At the national level, from 927 in 2001 to an all time low the decline of 18 points in 2001 of 914. Even the Secretary in the has now been followed by a further Rather than Home Ministry said in the wake decline of 13 points. As more only worry about of the Census 2011 results that the families are having fewer children government must re-examine its (registered by the reduced fertility balancing numbers, policies. But first, what has been rates) there is therefore an ongoing the story so far and what can we gendering in their sex composition. what is required learn from Census 2011? To put it briefly, practices leading are state policies to fewer girls in the 0-6 age group Child Sex Ratios in India since have been spreading more thinly that actually 1991 over the last decade over a much larger proportion of the country. In order to begin a discussion seek to create the The circle is widening. of India’s child sex ratio patterns, conditions for a Table has been prepared drawing The figures from 1991 have been from both earlier Census figures and included in order to recall why the meaningful life- the provisional figures available. Census 2001 made such headlines chances, beginning The difference in successive a decade ago. This was when the decades has also been included child sex ratio (CSR) first dropped with those of girls for easy reference. The break-up below that of the overall sex ratio: of the country into the regions of While the child sex ratio fell from and women the North-west, North-central, 943 in 1991 to 927 in 2001, that of West, East and South offers a quick the overall sex ratio rose from 927 to The author is Director, Centre for Women's Development Studies (CWDS), New Delhi. YOJANA June 2012 5 now resorting to similar practices Table: Child Sex Ratios (0-6 years) Census 1991, probably for the first time. 2001, 2011, Select States State (Females per 1,000 males) Moving on to Census 2011, 1991 2001 difference 2011 difference the state figures point to a clear 2001-1991 2011-2001 difference between the north-west and the rest of India. It would INDIA 945 927 - 18 914 -13 appear that there has been a peaking North-west (or plateauing) of the practice of Himachal P 951 896 -53 906 +10 sex selection in states like Gujarat, Punjab 875 798 -77 846 +48 Haryana, Delhi and Himachal Haryana 879 819 -40 830 +11 Pradesh, with small improvements Chandigarh 899 845 -46 867 + 22 from very low levels in Chandigarh and Punjab. (Notice that none of Delhi 915 868 -47 866 2 the north western states have fallen North-Central further, though they have by no Uttar Pradesh 928 916 -12 899 -17 means come back to 1991 levels, Madhya P 952 932 -20 912 -20 which were themselves well below west the 950 mark.) Punjab’s rise from Gujarat 928 883 -45 886 +3 798 to 846 (48 points) according to 2011 figures makes it now look Rajasthan 916 909 -7 883 -16 more like its neighbours, but only a Maharashtra 946 913 -33 883 -30 district wise analysis would reveal Goa 964 938 -26 920 -18 where the real changes are. In states East like Delhi and Gujarat roughly Bihar 959 942 -17 933 -9 the same proportion of families Jharkhand NA 965 943 -22 are resorting to sex selection as was true a decade ago (since this West Bengal 967 is a comparison of the number Nagaland 993 964 -29 944 -20 of girl children born and alive Orissa 967 953 -14 934 -19 between 1996-2001 and 2006- South 2011). In Punjab the severity of Andhra P 975 961 -14 943 -18 the practice has thus only eased Karnataka 960 946 -14 943 -3 slightly. According to a news report mentioning district level data for Tamil Nadu 948 942 -6 946 +4 the state of Haryana, the district of Kerala 958 960 +2 959 -1 Kurukshetra (which had the worst 933 in the same period (a clear sign sex ratios falling below the 950 CSR of 771 in 2001) now has a that life expectancy among women mark (taken as the general norm CSR of 817, similar to the trend was increasing significantly). It the world over) in other parts of for Punjab. However, many more was in 2001 that several states in the country outside the north-west, districts (Jhajjar, Mahendragarh, north west India witnessed plunges such as Goa, urban Orissa, and Rewari, Bhiwani, Faridabad, in their child sex ratios – with even pockets in the North-East. In among others) have worse CSRs Punjab leading the way by dropping the North-west these patterns were than in 2001. below the 800 mark, while other put down to the intensification of Whatever the ‘improvements’ states such as Himachal Pradesh practices of sex selection at birth in (if that is the right word) in north- experienced huge declines for the regions with known prior histories west India, CSRs are falling in first time. Secondly, 2001 made of female infanticide and higher history (especially at the district female mortality; elsewhere, a large parts of western, central and level) because of evidence of child smaller proportion of families were eastern India – Maharashtra, Goa, 6 YOJANA June 2012 Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, as such, and few are interested Pradesh, and even Andhra Pradesh and then again with a heterogenous in anything beyond it. One must has joined the ranks from among state like Maharashtra witnessing underscore, therefore, the extent the southern states. (Of course, the one of the steepest declines in 2011 of activism and analysis both in state of Tamil Nadu is well known of 30 points, make it absolutely India and abroad, and the range of for its history of female infanticide necessary to wait for the time when organisations, from local groups, and sex selection in districts like a more contextual micro level the state, religious organisations, Salem and Dharmapuri – so it understanding can be undertaken. international bodies, and so on, remains to be seen what a more who are closely monitoring these To give an example of such disaggregated picture of that state figures. In a more self-critical vein, contextual analysis during the would reveal.) In other words, the the child sex ratio has become a previous decade, in a study state wise figures demonstrate a veritable academic and advocacy conducted by a group of researchers widening of the circle – even if the industry in its own right. (John et al 2008) during 2003-05 numbers are not dramatic – well in five of the lowest CSR districts The results of the Census 2011 beyond the so-called prosperity of north west India, it became have therefore been highly awaited, belt of north-west India, to the evident that within this broad belt if from varying perspectives. Some poorer states. A recent news report where child sex ratios had dropped scholars have offered predictions on UP, for instance, highlights the severely, local contexts were of likely patterns, drawing from spread of sex selection to eastern nonetheless extremely significant. the National Family Health towns and districts where it was Thus for instance, while Fatehgar Surveys (the most recent being hardly known before. (The only Sahib in Punjab demonstrated the NFHS III, 2005-06), as well as state whose figures are so strange presence of families with just one the Sample Registration at Births that there is every reason to doubt son (especially among Jat Sikhs and (SRBs) made available every them is Jammu and Kashmir, urban upper castes), and families in year. Significant differences have where the Census was undertaken Kangra and Rohtak strived for two also been crystallising.. Has there after a gap in 1991, in 2001 and children (but very few with only been too great or too little a focus 2011. According to the provisional girls), in the districts of Dholpur on the PCPNDT Act? Counter figures the CSR has plummeted and Morena significant forms of intuitively, could there be reduced from 941 to 859, namely 82 points; child neglect leading to high rates son preference even though the along with this, J&K is the only of mortality among girls in larger numbers are skewed? Is the problem state in the whole country to have one of “mindsets” out of synch with families went hand in hand with the registered a positive increase in modern values of equality, or, does growing practice of sex selection. its fertility during this period. modernity itself have a lot to do Whatever the form that the ongoing The Debate so Far with what is happening? On the conflict is taking, such figures are one hand, some advocates believed In order to get a better hard to make sense of, and require that the main focus ought to be the perspective on adverse sex ratios, further investigation.) criminalisation of unscrupulous let us recall the decade of the 1980s medical practitioners, while others It is likely that the ‘improvements’ when practices of amniocentesis warned of how the very advocacy in the north-west are related to for sex selection became the subject against sex selection was turning efforts at monitoring the use of sex of the first campaigns by women’s into a problematic campaign against determination testing, in contrast groups and health activists in abortions per se. While some with its spread elsewhere. But it Maharashtra, Delhi and Punjab. predicted heightened practices of would be wrong to equate the two, At that time, this issue garnered “female genocide”, others saw since the picture is more complex little public support, indeed, it signs of a turn-around. than that. The very fact that the was not even clear to most people CSRs are falling in such a wide what the problem was. Today we There is something curious variety of states – from Goa in the might be in the opposite situation, about much of this debate and the west, which is not associated with where the sex ratio has become the positions that have been taken. high levels of poverty, to poor states symbol for gender discrimination On what basis would we, after all, YOJANA June 2012 7 expect change to happen? Planning and literacy, little attention is given percent of all women are destined to the size and sex composition of to what is arguable the most critical find their future through structural one’s children is surely at the indicator of the status of gender in forms of dependency. This does confluence of a range of processes, our country. The most recent round not even begin to discuss the from stretching limited resources, of the National Sample Survey (64th nature of the work that constitutes wanting the ‘best’ for one’s children Round, 2007-8) has the stunning the 15 percent. Therefore, rather with the effect of heightening the revelation that, after twenty years than only worry about balancing burden of having them, extreme of unprecedented economic growth, numbers, what is required are state socio-economic volatility, varying the total proportion of women in policies that actually seek to create individual morality, the kinds of any kind of paid work is no more the conditions for meaningful life- technologies available, and the than 15 percent. Another way of chances, beginning with those of nature of gender disparities across putting this would be to say that 85 girls and women. q classes in contemporary society. Much has been said about signs of reduced son preference as more and (cid:44)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:60)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3) more families say that they want (cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:47)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:36)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3) a girl and a boy. But what if this (cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:60)(cid:40)(cid:36)(cid:53) preference actually translates into the statement “at least one boy, and (cid:54)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:46)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:77)(cid:2)(cid:48)(cid:81)(cid:2)(cid:40)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:3)(cid:3) at most one girl”? Moreover, what kind of structural changes are we (cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:50)(cid:47)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:47)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:40)(cid:40)(cid:46)(cid:47)(cid:60) witnessing such that expectations of (cid:11)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:58)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:2)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:89)(cid:74)(cid:81)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:75)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:2)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:16)(cid:2) a turn around could have a genuine basis? (cid:39)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:89)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:2)(cid:39)(cid:50)(cid:57)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:75)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:2) (cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:2)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:43)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:73)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:2) As already mentioned, the (cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:43)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:71)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:89)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:16) Secretary to the Home Ministry (cid:52)(cid:71)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:2)(cid:39)(cid:50)(cid:57)(cid:2)(cid:89)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:73)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:91)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:2) went on record to say that , in the (cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:2)(cid:91)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:16)(cid:2) face of this further decline in the child sex ratio, the state should (cid:54)(cid:50)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:43)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:60)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:36)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:34) re-examine its policies. There has been far too much focus on the (cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:37)(cid:52)(cid:43)(cid:36)(cid:39)(cid:2)(cid:48)(cid:49)(cid:57)(cid:3) need to restore the ‘balance’ to the skewed numbers. What is forgotten (cid:35)(cid:88)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:37)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:75)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:2)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:37)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:53)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:39)(cid:90)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:16)(cid:2) is that, in a growing population (cid:53)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:49)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:59)(cid:71)(cid:67)(cid:84) like ours with its hypergamous (cid:50)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:39)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:18)(cid:2) } marriage market, male privilege has (cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:23)(cid:18)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:16) (cid:50)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:73)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:35)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:27)(cid:18)(cid:18)(cid:2) benefited over generations from an excess of marriageable women in (cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:29) any given cohort. In other words, (cid:53)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:2)(cid:91)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:43)(cid:37)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:70)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:16) (cid:50)(cid:67)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:71)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:2)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:72)(cid:67)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:2) there has been an invisible structural (cid:39)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:2)(cid:50)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:57)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:2)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:91)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:89)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:70)(cid:17) imbalance at work in most parts of (cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:2)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:2)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:2)(cid:89)(cid:89)(cid:89)(cid:16)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:16)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:16)(cid:2) the country outside the north west, but which was never considered to be a problem to be ‘corrected’. (cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:35)(cid:2)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:2)(cid:60)(cid:2)(cid:43)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:2)(cid:39)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:41)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:81)(cid:2)(cid:45)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:2)(cid:47)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:14)(cid:2) Indeed, the peculiar case of Kerala (cid:46)(cid:81)(cid:89)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:2)(cid:50)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:78)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:47)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:2)(cid:22)(cid:18)(cid:18)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:2) (cid:54)(cid:71)(cid:78)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:2)(cid:22)(cid:18)(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:26)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:20)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:40)(cid:67)(cid:90)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:10)(cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:2)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:2)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:39)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:28)(cid:2)(cid:69)(cid:75)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:34)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:16)(cid:75)(cid:80) with its positive sex ratio but highly discriminatory practices against (cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:58)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) 12 0 women is a case in point. Secondly, (cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:58)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3) 0/2 in all the focus on sex ratios, fertility (cid:11)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:17) E-5 Y 8 YOJANA June 2012 WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT PROSPECTS NCW: Twenty Years of Empowering Women Mamta Sharma A T I O N A L the legislations made to protect N COMMISSION for the rights of women, so as to Women (NCW) has enable them to achieve equality completed 20 years in all spheres of life. The primary of successfully mandate of the Commission is to empowering women. review the constitutional and legal safeguards provided for women, The NCW tirelessly works recommend remedial legislative round the year for empowerment measures, facilitate Redressal of women. An apex national of grievances and advise the organization, NCW was constituted government on all policy mattes on January, 31, 1992 as a statutory affecting women. body in pursuance of the NCW Act, Empowerment 1990 to safeguard the interests of Structure and Functions of women in India. NCw of women will NCW has a wide mandate As per NCW Act, there is to covering almost all aspects of be one Chairperson, one Member also bring down women’s development and plays Secretary and Five non-official a pivotal role in studying and members in the Commission. The atrocities against monitoring all matters relating to functions of the Commission are the constitution and legal safeguards mainly divided in to four cells women as they will provided to women. It reviews the namely Complaints & Investigation existing legislations and suggests Cell, Legal Cell, NRI Cell and have the strength amendments wherever necessary Research and Studies Cell. Almost to meet any lacunae, inadequacies all the activities of the Commission and knowledge to or shortcoming in such laws and are undertaken through these also suggests fresh legislations. cells. stand up for their It looks into the complaints and takes suo-moto notice of cases The Complaints and rights involving deprivation of women’s Investigation Cell is the core unit rights, etc, of women in order to of the Commission. It processes provide them support, legal care oral/written complaints / newspaper and assistance. It also monitors reports and takes suo-moto the proper implementation of all cognizance of cases under Section The author is Chairperson, National Commission for Women. YOJANA June 2012 9 10 (1) 7 94) of the NCW Act, 1990. takes up publicity against female sensitizing the police personnel. For serious crimes, the Commission foeticide, violence against women, Some of these initiatives include constitutes Inquiry Committees child marriages etc. in order to ‘Violence free home-a women’s which make on the sport inquiries, generate awareness among women right’, ‘Jago’ as well as MOUs examine various witnesses, about these issues. signed with other organizations for collect evidence and submit partnership. In complaints related to sexual reports with recommendations. harassment at work place, the Mahila Adhikar Abhiyan, Such investigations help in concerned organization / department has been launched in Rajasthan providing immediate relief and is urged to constitute an internal successfully in 2011, Street Plays justice to the victims of violence Complaints Committees as per the initially in few states namely and atrocities. The Commission Hon’ble Supreme Court Judgement Rajasthan, Punjab and Participation monitors the implementation of the in Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan in Vatsalya Mela etc. recommendations of the Inquiry (AIR 1997 Supreme Court 3011). Committees by taking up the The Commission has also brought The complaints received relate to matter with the concerned State out a number of publications. various categories of crimes against Governments/Authorities. Some of them are ‘Chalo Gaon women such as domestic violence Ki Ore’, Meera Didi Se Poocho’, In keeping with its mandate, dowry demand and harassment, Sexual Harassment at work place’, the Commission initiates various torture, murder, kidnapping/ Problems relating to NRI Marriages steps to improve the status of abduction, complaints against NRIs/ – Dos and Don’t’s, The Nowhere women and works for their socio- NRI marriages, desertion, bigamy, Brides, Handbook on Laws relating economic empowerment. The rape, police apathy, harassment/ to Dowry and Domestic Violence, Commission’s Chairperson, brutality, cruelly by husband, Do not Fear – Do not Bear – Do not Members and officers visit various deprivation of women rights, gender Admit, Abandoned Indian Women part of the country to attend discrimination, sexual harassment / Trapped in NRI Marriage and the meetings/seminars/workshop/ harassment. Way Out’, Bahut Hua Ab Aur Nahi public hearings, organized by NCW/ The Commission was made Sahna’ etc. Non Government organizations National Level Nodal Co-ordinating (NGOs) ;Women Study Centres NCW concentrates not only on Agency in 2009 to receive and of Universities and investigates women’s empowerment but also process all complaints from India various cases of atrocities committed on their growth and development and abroad related to Indian Women against women. Besides, they including health care and education. deserted by their overseas Indian visit jails, hospitals to know the In order to bring down atrocities husbands resulting from cross – plight of women prisoners and committed against women, there country marriages and a NRI Cell should be interaction between women patients respectively and was inaugurated on September NCW, the police and the Media. recommend to the concerned 24, 2009. The complaints relate to Rashtra Mahila, a monthly news authorities for their redressal. deprivation of women’s rights or letter of the Commission, highlights They attend legal awareness camps any issue involving grave injustice the activities of the Commission on legal rights of women etc; to women. Since its inception, 933 as well as successful stories with organised by NGOs/Women study cases have been registered in NRI regard to complaints lodged before centres of the Universities to gain Cell till March, 31, 2012. A need was the Commission and also important first hand knowledge about the felt to review the MOIA Scheme for court and Government decisions problems faced by women there so providing legal and financial help affecting women. as to suggest re medial measures to the deserted women in foreign and to take up the issues with the lands. The amendments proposed A number of foreign delegations concerned authorities. by the Commission regarding the have visited NCW to have an insight scope of the scheme to be widened about the working of NCW and its Redressal of Complaints were taken seriously by MOIA role in safeguarding the interests The Commission receives a large and the scheme has been modified of women and also understand the number of complaints and also takes accordingly. status of Indian women in politics suo-moto cognizance in several and their empowerment. Recent Initiatives cases to provide speedy justice by Consultations, Public Contact constituting Inquiry Committees. The Commission has taken Programmes and Research The commission sponsors legal a number of initiatives to create Activities awareness programmes, Parivarik awareness among women and Mahila Lok Adalats and organizes their capacity building to exercise The Commission undertakes seminar/workshop/consultation and their right for dignified life and promotional and educational 10 YOJANA June 2012

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WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT ACROSS INDIAN STATES. Arundhati .. Pradesh, and even Andhra Pradesh has joined the . not covered by the mainstream media. collect evidence and submit . sectoral approach with 'mantra'.
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