Women's Work in East and West: The Dual Burden of Employment and Family Life PDF
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Women's work in East and West This page intentionally left blank Women's work in East and West The dual burden of employment and family life Norman Stockman University of Aberdeen Norman Bonney University of Aberdeen Sheng Xuewen Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing First published 1995 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint oft he Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © Norman Stockman, Norman Bonney, Sheng Xuewen 1995. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful oftheir own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stockman, Norman, 1944- Women's work in East and West: the dual burden of employment and family life/ Norman Stockman, Norman Bonney, Sheng Xuewen. p.em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56324-708-9. - ISBN 1-56324-709-7 (pbk.) 1. Women-Employment-East Asia. 2. Women-Employment-Great Britain. 3. Women-Employment-United States. I. Bonney, Norman, 1944- . II. Sheng, Xuewen, 1956- . III. TItle. HD6196.S76 1995 331.4-dc20 95-4969 CIP ISBN 13: 9781563247095 (pbk) ISBN 13: 9781563247088 (hbk) Contents List of tables vii Preface and acknowledgements ix 1 Gender, work and industrial society 1 2 Family, employment and urban society 17 3 Women in paid work in four societies 59 4 Family life in urban societies 99 5 Ideologies of family and women's work 139 6 Patterns of stability and change 185 Bibliography 215 Index 229 v This page intentionally left blank List of tables 3.1 Gender difference in labour force participation rates in four societies (percentage points difference) 62 3.2 Distribution of occupation by gender in China and Japan (percentages) 66 3.3 Distribution of occupation by gender in Great Britain (people aged 16 and over in employment 1991) 68 3.4 Occupations of civilian population by gender in United States, 1983 and 1989 68 3.5 Occupational distribution of women and men in UK and USA (percentages) 69 3.6 Usual hours worked per week by sex and marital status (of women) in Great Britain (people aged 16 and over, Spring 1991) (percentages) 79 3.7 Occupational distribution of full-time and part-time employed women, UK and USA (percentages) 83 4.1 Husband's role in household work in China and Japan 105 4.2 The division of domestic labour tasks in China, Japan and Great Britain (percentages of each country) 105 4.3 The division of labour tasks in Japan and Great Britain by hours per week employed of female partner (percentages) 106 vii LIST OF TABLES 4.4 Division of domestic labour tasks in China, USA, Great Britain and Japan (female partner employed full-time only) 107 4.5 Household types in China and Japan 112 4.6 Household decision-making in China and Japan 118 4.7 Domestic power by hours of work of female partner in Japan (percentages) 131 4.8 Domestic power by hours of work of female partner in Great Britain (percentages) 132 5.1 Opinions on women's work and marriage, China and Japan 147 5.2 Opinions on the double burden of combining paid work with household tasks, China and Japan 150 5.3 Opinions on the increase in married women at work, China and Japan 150 5.4 Opinions on the good points about married women working, China and Japan 150 5.5 Opinions on mother working while child is less than 3 years old, China and Japan 152 5.6 Who should do the housework? Opinions of wife and husband, China and Japan 153 5.7 Distribution of reasons for working by country, China, Japan and Great Britain 179 viii Preface and acknowledgements In 1987 the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, following a visit to East Asia by the then university Principal, George McNicol, established postgraduate scholarships for students from the People's Republic of China. That summer, Norman Stockman took with him details of the scheme on his trip to China to pursue his studies oft he Chinese language at Beijing Normal University. A chance meeting at BNU with Stanley Rosen, a social scientist from the University of Southern California, helped Stockman to pass the information about the scholarships to a research worker at the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Eventually two appli cations for the scholarship reached Aberdeen, one of them from Sheng Xuewen, an established researcher in family sociology at CASSo His research proposal interested members of the Department of Soci ology at Aberdeen and Sheng was offered a scholarship, but funding difficulties prevented him coming to Aberdeen until 1990, by which time he had been awarded a K. C. Wong Research Fellowship by the British Academy. Sheng brought with him the results of a recently completed survey on the family and work lives of married women in China and Japan. In Aberdeen, Stockman was developing a library-based research project on changes in the structure of social inequality in Chinese society, and had particular interests in gender inequality and the division of labour. At the same time, Aberdeen had been one of the six centres chosen to contribute to the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCEU) launched by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). David Oldman and Norman Bonney had been ix
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