WOMEN'S POLITICAL EFFICACY AND POLITICAL AMBITION IN THE FACE OF POLITICAL ...

197 Pages·2016·2.22 MB·English

by  Terri Easley

GLOBAL SOJOURNERS: WOMEN’S POLITICAL EFFICACY AND POLITICAL
AMBITION IN THE FACE OF POLITICAL CYNICISM AND GENDER BARRIERS
By
Copyright 2016
Terri M. Easley-Giraldo

Submitted to the graduate degree program in Communication Studies and the Graduate
Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.

________________________________
Chairperson – Dr. Mary Banwart

________________________________
Dr. Kelly H. Chong

________________________________
Dr. Angela Gist

________________________________
Dr. Beth Innocenti

________________________________
Dr. Alesia Woszidlo

Date Defended: April 22, 2016
ii

The Dissertation Committee for Terri M. Easley-Giraldo
certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation:

GLOBAL SOJOURNERS: WOMEN’S POLITICAL EFFICACY AND POLITICAL
AMBITION IN THE FACE OF POLITICAL CYNICISM AND GENDER BARRIERS

________________________________
Chairperson – Dr. Mary Banwart

Date approved: April 29, 2016
iii

Abstract
Despite progress that has been made worldwide regarding female political participation,
the question of why more women do not enter the political arena remains. This study explored
how women from MMIAPEZ (Mongolia, Morocco, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt, and
Zambia) discursively construct obstacles and barriers to their participation in politics, as well as
their political interest and ability to participate in politics. Fifty-eight in-depth semi-structured
face-to-face interviews were conducted with young women from seven different countries.
Using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis, this study uncovered three themes. First,
MMIAPEZ women revealed the multi-faceted gender barriers that exist for female political
participation in their countries. Second, MMIAPEZ women demonstrated high levels of political
cynicism which was articulated by apathy and an active avoidance of politics. Finally,
MMIAPEZ women generally expressed lower levels of political ambition and political efficacy
which was articulated by their skeptical outlook towards politics. This study also conducted a
follow-up survey at the end of the leadership institute to examine potential discursive shifts about
their political interest and political efficacy. This study suggests that while encouraging women
to run for political office is still an important goal, in countries such as MMIAPEZ, encouraging
participation in the civil sphere may be more advantageous for young women with low political
efficacy.
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Acknowledgements
Harvey Mackay once said, “None of us got to where we are alone. Whether the assistance
we received was obvious or subtle, acknowledging someone's help is a big part of understanding
the importance of saying thank you.” I would not be where I am today without so many
wonderful people that I am grateful to have in my life.
To my advisor, Dr. Mary Banwart – you have been a constant inspiration for me
throughout my graduate program at KU. The political communication seminar I took from you
my first semester at KU opened my eyes to my true research passion of gender and politics and
you continued to help me hone my research agenda. While we both juggled many commitments,
I could always count on you for support and encouragement when I needed it the most. I always
left our meetings feeling fantastic, refreshed, reassured, and reoriented.
I would also like to thank the other members of my committee. Dr. Angela Gist helped
me grow as a qualitative scholar and I will forever be grateful for the assistance she provided on
this project. You went above and beyond in assisting me on this project and I will never be able
to express how much I appreciate you and your time. I learned so much from our sessions and
truly appreciate the mentorship, support, and words of wisdom you shared with me. To my
committee members Dr. Alesia Woszidlo, thank you for your guidance, insightful comments,
support, and advice; Dr. Beth Innocenti, your classes made me a stronger writer and I will
forever be grateful for what I learned in those classes; and Dr. Kelly Chong, thank you for
serving as my outside member – your insight and advice was extremely valuable.
Graduate school while maintaining a full-time faculty position at Johnson County
Community College would not have been possible without so many supportive friends and
colleagues. Thank you to my Symposium group who always provided words of wisdom and a
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place to vent and recharge. I’d also like to thank my Dean, Dr. Larry Reynolds who I consider a
great mentor, colleague, and friend. You have been supportive of me from my very first day at
JCCC, and your encouragement and support helped me survive and navigate the PhD program.
Scheduling was a luxury that helped facilitate my ability to take classes at KU and I appreciate
my department’s understanding and cooperation, as well as other administrators who made it
possible.
I owe a huge part of this accomplishment to my husband, Mario. You are the most
supportive, caring, thoughtful, and patient partner I could ever hope for. You’ve only known me
as a crazy, stressed graduate student, so I’m pretty sure the rest of life will be a cake-walk!
Words are not enough to express how thankful I am for you, how much I owe you, and how
much I love you. I’m so lucky to do life with you amor!
I want to thank the amazing people in my life who have always been supportive and have
helped me survive graduate school. You have all helped me in various ways whether it was
listening to me complain, helping distract me from stresses, brainstorming ideas and titles, and
most of all just being there. Thank you Kelly, Natalie, Dan, Alisa, and Brandie.
Finally, I would like to thank my family: Mom, Dad, Brandon and Grammie. My family
has always been my #1 cheering squad, and while being away from them is difficult, there is not
a day that passes that I don’t think of them. My Mom and Dad have been great parents that have
always encouraged me to follow my dreams and goals, and more importantly they are the
greatest people that I know. Brandon, you have always joked that I’d never stop getting degrees,
but this is finally it – I’m done!! Thank you all for believing in me, and always supporting me.
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Table of Contents

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 5
Role Congruity Theory and Leadership .......................................................................... 5
Role Model Theory ....................................................................................................... 10
Predictors of Political Involvement .............................................................................. 12
Political knowledge and interest. .............................................................................. 13
Political cynicism and political efficacy. .................................................................. 15
Political ambition. ..................................................................................................... 17
Gender socialization.................................................................................................. 21
Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 23

Chapter 3: Method ............................................................................................................ 26
Qualitative Research ..................................................................................................... 26
Context for Instrumental Case ...................................................................................... 28
Participants .................................................................................................................... 31
Research Context: Nationality and Female Representation ......................................... 32
Mongolia. .................................................................................................................. 35
Morocco. ................................................................................................................... 36
India. ......................................................................................................................... 37
Afghanistan. .............................................................................................................. 37
Pakistan. .................................................................................................................... 38
Egypt. ........................................................................................................................ 39
Zambia. ..................................................................................................................... 39
viii

Data Collection Procedures ........................................................................................... 40
Interviews. ................................................................................................................. 40
Data management...................................................................................................... 45
Data analysis. ............................................................................................................ 45
Trustworthiness. ........................................................................................................ 48
Summary ....................................................................................................................... 49

Chapter 4: Findings .......................................................................................................... 50
Theme 1 - Losing Wife-Life: Gendered Barriers to Political Participation ................. 50
Traditional gender roles. ........................................................................................... 50
Gender bias and inequality........................................................................................ 55
Capability, credibility, and confidence. .................................................................... 63
Safety and security. ................................................................................................... 68
Optimism for change................................................................................................. 70
Summary ....................................................................................................................... 71

Theme 2 – Diplomacy and Sugar Coating: Constructions of Political Cynicism ........ 71
Corruption, dishonesty, distrust. ............................................................................... 73
Broken promises. ...................................................................................................... 79
Lack of transparency. ................................................................................................ 81
Tensions with optimism. ........................................................................................... 84
Summary ....................................................................................................................... 85

Theme 3: My Choice, My Life, My Future ................................................................. 86
Low political ambition and political efficacy. .......................................................... 88
High political ambition and political efficacy. ......................................................... 96
Women’s perceptions of female politicians in MMIAPEZ. ................................... 104
Summary ..................................................................................................................... 109

Follow-up Survey Responses ...................................................................................... 110
Increased confidence and positive perspectives. .................................................... 111
No perceived changes. ............................................................................................ 116
Summary ..................................................................................................................... 118
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Chapter 5: Discussion .................................................................................................... 119
Exploration of Research Questions ............................................................................. 119
Research question one............................................................................................. 119
Research question two. ........................................................................................... 124
Research question three. ......................................................................................... 128
Research Contributions ............................................................................................... 130
Limitations of Research .............................................................................................. 133
Future Research .......................................................................................................... 134
Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 137
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 139
Appendix A: 2013-2015 KWLI Schedules .................................................................... 155
Appendix B: Interview Participant Demographics ......................................................... 173
Appendix C: 2013 Interview Protocol ........................................................................... 175
Appendix D: 2014 Interview Protocol ........................................................................... 177
Appendix E: 2015 Interview Protocol ........................................................................... 179
Appendix F: 2013 Follow-Up Survey Protocol ............................................................. 181
Appendix G: 2014 Follow-Up Survey Protocol ............................................................ 182
Appendix H: 2015 Follow-Up Survey Protocol ............................................................ 184
Appendix I: Informed Consent Form ............................................................................. 186
x

List of Tables
Table 1. Nationality and Female Participation Data ........................................................35
Table 2. Levels of Political Trust .....................................................................................72
Table 3. Politicians Care About Citizens .........................................................................72
Table 4. Politics is Complicated .......................................................................................73
Table 5. Levels of Political Interest .................................................................................86
Table 6. Levels of Political Knowledge ...........................................................................87
Table 7. Consider Self Well-Qualified for Politics ..........................................................87
1

Chapter 1: Introduction
Scholars studying gender in politics have focused on a variety of topics over the decades,
with one of the most studied questions– for those interested in women’s political socialization –
asking why women are not as involved or interested in politics as their male counterparts.
Women in American politics have slowly made progress with incremental increases in
representation in higher levels of political office, but yet the question still remains, why are more
women not involved?
A variety of explanations and approaches exist to address the question of the lower levels
of a female representation in politics. One such explanation is offered by role congruity theory.
Specifically, Eagly and Karau (2002) explain that prejudicial biases exist towards female leaders
due to an incongruity between societal expectations of gender roles for women with those of
leadership roles. In other words, the roles considered “appropriate” for women are not roles in
which leadership as a behavior or trait is generally required for success; and, when roles
requiring leadership behaviors or traits are enacted by women, the women enacting those roles
are often viewed less favorably. Additionally, role model theory developed by Campbell and
Wolbrecht (2006) provides explanations for low levels of female representation by arguing the
presence of female politicians and candidates is crucial to increasing political involvement of
young women. Both of these theories provide a relevant framework for examining women’s
political participation domestically, and certain possibility for understanding it globally.
Indeed, researchers have examined the interactions of various predictors of political
participation, such as knowledge, interest, cynicism, ambition, and gender socialization (Delli,
Carpini, & Keeter, 1996; Dermody, Hanmer-Loyd, & Scullion, 2010; Eveland & Scheufle, 2000;
Jennings, 1992; Kaid, McKinney & Tedesco, 2000; Kenski, 2001; Lawless & Fox, 2010; Paxton