Women, Management and Care PDF
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PRACTICAL SOCIAL WORK Series Editor: Jo Campling WI !BAS Editorial Advisory Board: Robert Adams, Terry Bamford, Charles Barker, Lena Dominelli, Malcolm Payne, Michael Preston-Shoot, Daphne Statham and Jane Tunstill Social work is at an important stage in its development. All professions must be responsive to changing social and economic conditions if they are to meet the needs of those they serve. This series focuses on sound practice and the specific contribution which social workers can make to the well-being of our society. The British Association of Social Workers has always been conscious of its role in setting guidelines for practice and in seeking to raise professional standards. The conception of the Practical Social Work series arose from a survey of BASW members to discover where they, the practitioners in social work, felt there was the most need for new literature. The response was overwhelming and enthusiastic, and the result is a carefully planned, coherent series of books. The emphasis is firmly on practice set in a theoretical framework. The books will inform, stimulate and promote discussion, thus adding to the further development of skills and high professional standards. All the authors are practitioners and teachers of social work representing a wide variety of expenence. JO CAMPLING A list of published titles in this series follows overleaf PRACTICAL SOCIAL WORK Self-Help, Social Work and Child Sexual Abuse Empowerment Danya Glaser and Stephen Frosh Robert Adams Computers in Social Work Social Work and Mental Handicap Bryan Glastonbury David Anderson Working with Families Beyond Casework Gill Gorell Barnes James G. Barber Women, Management and Care Practising Social Work Law Cordelia Grimwood and Ruth Suzy Braye and Michael Preston-Shoot Poppies tone Citizen Involvement: A Practical Guide Women and Social Work: Towards a for Change Woman-centred Practice Peter Beresford and Suzy Croft Jalna Hanmer and Daphne Statham Social Workers at Risk Youth Work Robert Brown, Stanley Bute Tony Jeffs and Mark Smith (eds) and Peter Ford Problems of Childhood and Adolescence Social Work and Mental lllness Michael Kerfoot and Alan Butler Alan Butler and Colin Pritchard Social Work with Old People Social Work and Europe Mary Marshall Crescy Cannan, Lynne Berry and Applied Psychology for Social Workers Karen Lyons Paula Nicolson and Rowan Bayne Residential Work Crisis Intervention in Social Services Roger Clough Kieran O'Hagan Social Work and Child Abuse Social Work with Disabled People David M. Cooper and David Ball Michael Oliver Management in Social Work Separation, Divorce and Families Veronica Coulshed Lisa Parkinson Social Work Practice: An Introduction Social Care in the Community Veronica Coulshed Malcolm Payne Social Work and Local Politics Working in Teams Paul Daniel and John Wheeler Malcolm Payne Sociology in Social Work Practice Working with Young Offenders Peter R. Day John Pitts Anti-Racist Social Work: A Challenge Effective Groupwork ./(Jr White Practitioners and Educators Michael Preston-Shoot Lena Dominelli Adoption and Fostering: Why and How Working with Abused Children Carole R. Smith Celia Doyle Social Work with the Dying Applied Research for Better Practice and Bereaved Angela Everitt, Pauline Hardiker, Carole R. Smith Jane Littlewood and Audrey Mullender Child Care and the Courts Welfare Rights Work in Social Services Carole R. Smith, Mary T. Lane Geoff Fimister and Terry Walsh Student Supervision in Social Work Social Work and Housing Kathy Ford and Alan Jones Gill Stewart and John Stewart Working with Rural Communities Anti-Discriminatory Practice David Francis and Paul Henderson Neil Thompson Children, their Families and the Law Community Work Michael D. A. Freeman Alan Twelvetrees Family Work with Elderly People Working with Offenders Alison Froggatt Hilary Walker and Bill Beaumont (eds) Women, Management and Care Cordelia Grimwood and Ruth Popplestone with a chapter by Julia Phillipson M MACMILLAN ~) British Association of Social Workers 1993 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1993 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LT O Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-55148-6 ISBN 978-1-349-22603-0(eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22603-0 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copy-edited and typeset by Povey~Edmondson Okchampton and Rochdale, England Series Standing Order (Practical Social Work) If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you Jive outside the UK we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Standing Order Service, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 2XS, England Contents Acknowledgements Vlll 1 Setting the Scene 1 Women's talents are being wasted 3 Women are suffering discrimination 4 Important decisions are being taken by men 4 Organisations are being run to suit men 5 2 Women's Work, Care and Control 8 Caring 9 Why do men not do 'women's work'? 12 Women's work 14 Women's work in the personal social services 15 Gender and work 17 Why do women do the caring? 18 Gender and families 18 Education 19 The expectations of parents 20 The media 20 Issues of care and control in the personal social services 21 Male and female dominated areas of work in the personal social services 23 Hospital social work 23 Nursery work, residential day care, and care in the community services 24 The penal system 26 3 Our Inheritance: The History of Women's Work in the Personal Social Services 28 Women's role in the home 28 Moving into paid work 30 v VI Contents Women as social carers 32 Residential work 34 Developing social theory 36 Gender and race discrimination 38 4 Care and Control in Management 41 Management as control 41 Men, women and management 42 The divorce of management from caring 46 Women and promotion 49 Values and management 50 Women as managers 51 Caring and management 52 The skills of management 54 Managing work, managing self 55 5 Women's Jobs, Women's Careers 59 Ladders 59 Confidence 63 Caring as a life's work' 65 Localised work 66 Interest-led work 67 Planning careers 68 Career life planning 69 6 Getting into Management 70 The culture of organisations 70 Structure 71 Career paths 72 Values 74 Sexual harassment 75 Trade unions 76 Equal opportunities policies 78 Applying for jobs 83 Family values and female staff 83 Caring, the family and work 85 Career development 87 Training 89 Contents vii 7 Being in Management 91 What women bring to management 92 What happens to women managers 92 Organisational culture 95 Common dilemmas 98 Communication 98 Training 101 Stress 102 8 Managing with Style Julia Phillipson 104 The significance of style 104 Organisational culture and management style 105 Women's style 108 Understanding style 118 Debating the difference 119 9 Power 123 Power in organisations 123 Types of power 125 Abuse of power 129 Women, men and the abuse of power 130 Men and abuse 132 Treatment of abusers 134 Masculinity 135 Power and caring 136 Working for change 139 10 Strategies 140 Organisational strategies 140 Personal and social strategies 147 Conclusion 153 Appendix 155 References 159 Index 170 Acknowledgements We owe a profound debt to all the women with whom we have worked and those we have met on courses and at conferences. Without their support and inspiration, this book could not have been written. We thank WISE (Women in Social Work Education) who devoted part of a meeting to discussing the subject matter of this book at a critical time. Thank you to Barbara Warner, Isabella Angers and the late John Gee for support and companionship. Thank you to Joan Fletcher, Julia Phillipson and Nomi Rowe for their helpful comments on the draft. Thank you to Judy Foster for being the best possible job sharer of a management post. Thank you to Ann Davis for supervising some of the research. We are grateful to the following men for their example in opposing sexism in various contexts: Harry Marsh, now director of 'Contact-a-Family'; Gerry Popplestone, writer; and John Grigg, Leader of Hounslow Council 1986--7. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge help with computing from Derek Cohen, freelance computer expert, and Rae Beaver and Alan Hooker at the Computer Centre of the University of East London; also Anna Bass and her team at the Reprographic Centre UEL for photocopying. London CoRDELIA GRIMWOOD RuTH PoPPLESTONE viii 1 Setting the Scene Some years ago an American school teacher undertook an interesting experiment. Her pupils learned something about the effects of prejudice which they would remember for the rest of their lives. She divided her class according to whether the children had blue or brown eyes. She proceeded to treat each group very differently. She behaved towards one of the groups as though they were superior, giving them a lot of praise, encouragement and rewards, and told them how good they were. She treated the other group as though they were unintelligent, less valuable, unimportant, useless, and deprived them of the things they enjoyed, such as play time. Not surprisingly, the effect was that the children responded to her behaviour as though they were indeed different, like a self-fulfilling prophesy. The teacher also did similar work with adults, with the same results. It was a powerful experience for everyone. If this teacher had been called in to work with a personal social services organisation, she might have devised a training exercise in which all the people in the group with red hair played the role of manager for a day and she would have repeatedly conveyed to them how important they were, how intelligent, how powerful, and hence deserving greater rewards than anyone else (ABC News, 1970). If such an idea were translated into real life, it would be regarded as ridiculous: there are relatively few people with red hair, and they have no particular claim to management skills. Yet we do have such a situation in the personal social services. The majority of the staff in these organisations are 3
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