Claudine Schmuck Women in STEM Disciplines Women in STEM Disciplines Claudine Schmuck Women in STEM Disciplines The Yfactor 2016 Global Report on Gender in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics ClaudineSchmuck GlobalContact,Research&Consulting Paris,France ISBN978-3-319-41657-1 ISBN978-3-319-41658-8 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-41658-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016959768 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Tribute to my tribe Dad’Yves, Lucas, and Ste´phane one in a lifetime friend Foreword We are experiencing a tremendous transformation which involves all sectors and disciplines. A transformation grounded in an unprecedented acceleration of inno- vation. Experts even say that the next 50 years will involve more technological breakthroughsthanthelast400allcombined! Thesenewtechnologiesarediverse.Someenableustoaddresscustomers’need for enhanced functionalities and performances; others are disrupting existing pat- ternsandallowthedevelopmentofcheaper,smallerandmoreconvenientproducts and services. Today our challenge is to be excellent in both and contribute effec- tivelytonewdevelopmentsthatmakesenseforconsumersandsociety.Needlessto saythatnoneofthisisachievablewithoutdiversity.Tobeagileratherthanfragile, wemustrelyoncollectiveintelligence.Wehavetoinvolvemenandwomen,who areallequallypartoftheequation. Yet today, science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)-based innovationscannotrelyonequalcontributionfrommenandwomen.Whatprevents thisisthefactthatwomenstillremainaminorityinSTEMsectorsanddisciplines. We have supported this survey on women in STEM since its very beginning becauseweviewthisequalcontributionascrucialforthesuccessfuldevelopment of innovations—innovations that succeed at delivering better values, thanks to openness and creativity from gender diverse teams. Thus, more in-depth data and analysis are needed. They are needed to assess precisely where the problem lies. Theyareneededtomeasureandinspirefutureevolutions. To this day, this survey remains the only one that provides insights on the two keyreasonsforwhichwomenarestillunder-representedinSTEM:orientationand employment.Itshowsthatthefirstissueisthatofstereotypedchoicesthatprevent womenfromchoosingtostudySTEM.Itdemonstratesthatoverthepast10years, the proportion of women among STEM graduates hasn’t made much progress, gainingonlyfourpointstoreach34%recently.What’sevenmoreconcerningisthe evolution of graduated women in IT and the fact that Western Europe and North AmericanowhaveaproportionofIT-graduatedwomenwhichisbelowtheworld average(20%versus30%)!Inothercountriesoftheworldwherewomenaremore vii viii Foreword numerous to enter STEM studies, it’s the school-to-work transition that is not favorable to women. In Middle East, Africa or Latin America, women have the qualifications,buttheydonothaveequalaccesstothelabourmarket. Theseresultscompelustocontinuetomoveforward;asafirststep,wesupport the ACTWISE call for action which identifies five priorities, among which are attractingmoregirlstoSTEM(science,technology,engineeringandmathematics) studies,supportingeffectiveschool-to-worktransitionprogrammesandcontinuing totrackresultsintheworld. I hope this reading will stimulate your interest and motivation to enable more womentostepupinSTEM. Innovation,Marketingand MariNoe¨lleJe´go-Laveissie`re TechnologiesVicePresident,Orange Paris,France Acknowledgements Thissurveyhasbeendevelopedthankstotheconstantsupportfromtheremarkable CSRteamofOrangegroup.CoremembersincludeLaurentDepond,RoxanneAdle andAngelicaMirica.ParticularthankstoLaurentDepondforleadingtheteamand enablingtoexpandthescopeofthesurveyatagloballevel.Wealsohadinvaluable feedback from the team regarding the design of execution of the international survey. This would never have been possible without the commitment of Mari- Noe¨lle Je´go-Laveissie`re, Senior Executive Vice President in charge of IMT at Orange, and the support of her team, in particular Aliette Mousnier Lompre´. All my gratitude also goes to the Airbus Group, in particular Thierry Baril, Chief Human Resources Officer for Airbus and EADS, and Jackie Chan in charge of diversity. My gratitude also goes to the Better Life index team from the OECD and the SAGA team from UNESCO. Particular thanks to Christine Cle´ment, Lorena Sanchez,MartinSchaaperandChiaoLingChien. Ialsoexpressmystronggratitudetoourmediapartnerswhohavesupportedthis survey for the second year with a strong and constant commitment; their support hasindeedmadethedifferenceinprovidingmorevisibilitytotheonlinesurveyand it’sresults.ParticularthanksgotoCatherineNayl,Ange´liqueTessierandNicolas Lemaˆıtre from TF1; Catherine Mangin from RTL; Marie-Christine Saragosse, Thomas Legrand-Hedel and Elsa Schifano from France Me´dias Monde; and Ade`leBre´aupreviouslyfromTerrafemina. I am also very grateful for the support team’s hard work: Sole`ne Van Laak, OliviaLatouche,EmilyBechetandJulesBonnaud.ParticularthankstoSole`neVan Laak for the remarkable quality and reliability of her work. I also express my gratitude to the technical team which has enabled to develop the application and exploittheinternationaldatabases,particularlyYannBouteillerThomasFesq,and Jean-MarieHenrywhohavebeenveryhelpfulontheprojectmanagement.Thanks to Mickael Garcia and Ludovic Guillet for the design of the application. External consultantsandpartnershavealsobeenveryhelpfulinthedesignandexecutionof theworldwidesurvey,including,inparticular,EmmaBluckandFranc¸oisFatoux. ix x Acknowledgements Particular thanks to Emma for her insights and advices in designing the 2015 survey. There has been also great support from the team managing the social networks;allmythanksgotoMarineDeffrennesforherconstantsupport. Special acknowledgement goes to a variety of organizations for their help in survey distribution: Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Costa Rica, Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Buenos Aires, AFMD, Arborus,AsociaciondeMujeresInvetigadorasyTecno´logas(AMIT),Association des Femmes Diploˆme´es d’Expertise Comptable Administrateurs, Association des Femmes Huissiers de Justice, Baseera—the Egyptian center for public opinion research, BeWise, Bouygues Construction–Welink, Business Professional Women, Cap Gemini, Charta der Vielfat, Connecting Women, Dauphine au Feminin,DirigeantesActives77,DuchessFrance,EMLyonForever,Entreprendre auFe´mininenBretagne,Eskills,ETPauFe´minin,EuropeanCenterforWomenin Technology, European Network for Women in Leadership, Female Engineer Leader, Femmes Chefs d’Entreprise FCB-VVB, Femmes Chefs d’Entreprises en France,FuturesStudiesForumforAfricaandtheMiddleEast,GenderandSTEM Network, Happy Men, IAI Cameroun, IET - the Institution of Engineering and Technology, IMS-Entreprendre pour la Cite´, Innovation Women, Jamais Sans Elles, JUMP, Komm Mach Mint, Kompetenzzentrum, La Fonderie, Lady of Code, Lady that UX, Les Premie`res, Luma Center Finland, Make Possible, Medef, National STEM Learning Center and Network, Next Einstein Forum, OCDE, Organizacion Boliviana de Mujeres en Ciencia, ORSE, Pascaline, Programaria, She Works!, Social Builder, Steminist, Supelec au Fe´minin, SWE - Society of Women Engineer, Synergie de l’EPITA, Syntec Inge´nierie, Syntec Nume´rique, Universite´ des Femmes de Bruxelles, VTHO, Wave, Wax Science, Wehub,WES-WomenEngineeringSociety,WITSET,WITI,WITWA,Womenin Technology Japan, Women in Technology and Science, Women Shift Digital, WoMen’Up, Women who code, Womenteck, World Futures Studies Federation andZeˆlesoˆFe´minin. Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PartI Change-Abled?WomenStudyingSTEM Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 GlobalTrendsinEducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 TheGenderDivideIsSlowlyDecreasingAmongSTEM Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 CatchingUp:MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,South-WestAsia, Sub-SaharanAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 16 2.3 Sustaining:EastAsiaandCentralandEasternEurope. . . . . . . 19 2.4 Decreasing:NorthAmericaandWesternEurope,LatinAmerica andCentralAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 CatchingUp:MiddleEastNorthAfrica,Sub-SaharanAfricaand South-WestAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.1 MiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA):AgainstAllOdds. . . . 25 3.1.1 OverallTrendAnalysis2003–2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1.2 Engineering,ManufacturingandConstruction(EMC) Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.1.3 ScienceAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1.4 AgricultureAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.5 HealthandWelfareAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.1.6 InsightsfromPISAResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.1.7 InsightsfromYfactorSurvey2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2 SouthandWestAsia:LessIsMore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2.1 OverallAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.2 Engineering,ManufacturingandConstruction(EMC) Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 xi