Women and the World of Work

383 Pages·1982·18.156 MB·English

by  Anne Hoiberg (auth.), Anne Hoiberg (eds.)

WOMEN
AND THE
WORLD OF WORK
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
I Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
VI Materials Science
III HUMAN FACTORS
Volume 8 Mental Workload: Its Theory and Measurement
Edited by Neville Moray
Volume 9 Human Evoked Potentials: Applications and Problems
Edited by Dietrich Lehmann and Enoch Callaway
Volume 10 Human Consequences of Crowding
Edited by Mehmet R. GUrkaynak and W. Ayhan Le Compte
Volume 11 The Analysis of Social Skill
Edited by W T Singleton, P. Spurgeon, and R. B. Stammers
Volume 12 Coping and Health
Edited by Seymour Levine and Holger Ursin
Volume 13 Processing of Visible Language 2
Edited by Paul A Kolers, Merald E. Wrolstad, and Herman Bouma
Volume 14 Intelligence and Learning
Edited by Morton P. Friedman, J. P. Das, and Neil O'Connor
Volume 15 Human Detection and Diagnosis of System Failures
Edited by Jens Rasmussen and William B. Rouse
Volume 16 Anthropometry and Biomechanics: Theory and Application
Edited by Ronald Easterby, K. H. E. Kroemer, and Don B. Chaffin
Volume 17 Manned Systems Design: Methods, Equipment, and Applications
Edited by J Moraal and K.-F. Kraiss
Volume 18 Women and the World of Work
Edited by Anne Hoiberg
WOMEN
AND THE
WORLD OF WORK
Edited by
Anne Hoiberg
Naval Health Research Center
San Diego, California
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
PLENUM PRESS, NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Symposium on Women and the World of Work (1980: Lisbon, Portugal)
Women and the world of work.
(NATO conference series. III, Human factors; v. 18)
"Proceedings of a NATO Symposium on Women and the World of Work held August
4 - 8, 1980, in Lisbon, Portugal" - T.p. verso.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Women-Employment-Congresses. I. Hoiberg, Anne. II. Title. III. Series.
HD6052.N37 1980 305.4 82-5271
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3484-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3482-8
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3482-8 AACR2
Proceedings of a NATO Symposium on Women and the World of Work
held August 4 - 8, 1980, in Lisbon, Portugal
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1982
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
This volume is dedicated to the many courageous and tenacious
women who have fought or are fighting for equality in the world of work .
. . . the large-scale movement of women into the work force opens
up the exciting possibility of creating a much improved society.
Alan Pifer
PREFACE
From August 4 to 8, 1980, the Science Committee of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sponsored the symposium, "Women
and the World of Work," which was held at the Hotel Sintra Estoril in the
coastal area south of Lisbon, Portugal. This symposium hatl been "in
progress" since 1977 when the idea to prepare a proposal for a NATO
sponsored symposium on the topic of women and the military was first
suggested by Dr. Walter Wilkins, then Scientific Director of the Naval
Health Research Center, San Diego, California. At that time and during
the previous 5 years, increasing numbers of women were being recruited
into military service not only in the United States but also in several
NATO-allied countries. Few research projects on the utilization of
women in the military had been reported in the scientific literature with
the exception of work conducted at the University of Chicago and Naval
Health Research Center. Several investigators, however, were identified
who had recently initiated research in this area-and who expressed
interest in participating in the proposed symposium.
A few months after submitting the proposal, Dr. B.A. Bayraktar,
Director of the Scientific Affairs Division responded that the members of
the Science Committee recommended the deletion of those segments of
the tentative program which pertained to women and the military. The
reason given for this suggested change was that the topic chosen was
similar to the theme of other recent international conferences. The
proposal was revised to reflect the Science Committee's growing interest
in research on nonmilitary issues and was resubmitted prior to the August
deadline in 1978. Upon receipt of official approval in May 1979, the
preparations for the "Women and the World of Work" symposium could
begin.
The overall aim of this symposium, as well as all other programs
supported by the Human Factors Panel of the Science Committee, was to
increase the potential value of research within NATO-allied and other
countries by providing a forum for the exchange of information and an
opportunity for scientists to establish contacts with other researchers.
The specific objective of this 5-day program was to examine several areas
associated with women's increased participation in the world of work:
effects upon the family; women's work, child care, and family wage;
effects upon women's physical and mental well-being; economic factors;
women as workers; job creation and unemployment; and other related
vii
viii PREFACE
philosophical, psychological, and political issues. Participants represented
almost all of the NATO-allied countries and included scientists from each
of ten disciplines as well as politicians, government administrators, and
policymakers.
The former Prime Minister of Portugal, Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo,
was the Keynote Speaker of the symposium; her thought-provoking
presentation, "Women as World Makers," is included in the first section of
this volume. Other dignitaries invited to speak during the opening session
were: Vaira Vikis-Freibergs, Chairperson of the Human Factors Panel of
NATO, who described various scientific research and professional pro
grams sponsored by the Science Committee; Anna Vicente, an official of
the Commission on the Status of Women in Portugal, who outlined the
achievements and goals of the Commission; and Franc:oise Latour de Veiga
Pinto, Secretary General of CEFRES, who provided historical information
and a future perspective on women and the world of work.
At the farewell dinner, the guest of honor was Maria Manuela
Aguiar, Portugal's Secretary of State for Emigration. She spoke to the
symposium participants about the accomplishments and proposed goals of
the Mid-Decade World Conference of the United Nations for Women in
Copenhagen at which she served as an official delegate from Portugal.
Others who shared their experiences at that conference were Anne
Briscoe, Jean Lipman-Blumen, and Hanna Papanek as well as Miet Smet,
member of the Belgium Parliament and official conference delegate from
Belgium.
This volume, which is a compilation of 19 of the papers presented at
the symposium, is divided into four parts. (Unfortunately because of space
limitations and other considerations, not all of the presentations could be
included; however, the excluded presentations have been summarized.)
Each of the four sections begins with an introduction that consists of the
summarized presentations, a few brief paragraphs highlighting the main
points of the chapters pertinent to the topic of the section, and a
conclusion. The titles of the four parts are subsumed under the overall
title of Women and the World of Work: Contributions and Progress;
Physical, Mental, and Economic Well-Being; Socioeconomic Factors
Affecting Women's Increased Labor Force Participation; and Role Integra
tion and Revision.
As editor and convener, I wish to acknowledge those individuals who
contributed their time, energy, and expertise to the work of the sym
posium. To begin, I must thank Jan Moffitt for performing many of
presymposium administrative tasks and mail-outs during July and August
of 1979. Air Portugal assisted in making the travel arrangements for the
participants and attendees while Madalena Goncalves and Candida of
At lantica Tours in Lisbon provided their services in arranging tours and
other travel considerations. I feel a special debt of gratitude to Frank
Pollock for his assistance both before and during the conference. Mark
Zilly also provided administrative support throughout the week of the
PREFACE ix
symposium. For their help in editing this volume, I am indebted to
Camille Kim Cook, Larry Palinkas, and Mary Wagner. Final typing was
very capably performed by Leslie Griffith-Jacoby of Executive Secre
tarial in San Diego. Also contributing their professional typing and
artistic skills to the preparation of this book were Lucile Cheng, Emily
Collins, Bea Neher, and Millie Heeley. Very special thanks also are
extended to Camille Kim Cook and Chris Blood who assisted in the
proofreading of this volume.
As a final note of appreciation, I am grateful to the Science
Committee of NATO for supporting this symposium; special thanks are
specifically extended to B.A. Bayraktar, Vaira Vikis-Freibergs, John
Nagay, Bert King, and Holger Ursin. Also to be gratefully acknowledged
are all of the presenters as well as the following individuals who served as
chairpersons or discussants: Frank Pinch, Raquel Ribeiro, Paula Hudis,
Joyce Lazar, Alice Cook, Barbara Bergmann, Clair Brown, Judith Stiehm,
Nicki Fonda, Freda Paltiel, Anne Briscoe, Martha Darling, Jacob Mincer,
Deborah Freedman, Miet Smet, H.M. inlt Veld-Langeveld, and Jean
Leonard Elliott.
A.H.
CONTENTS
PART I: WOMEN AND THE WORLD OF WORK:
CONTRIBUTIONS AND PROGRESS
Introduction· . 3
Anne Hoiberg
Women as World Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
The Education and Employment of Women Scientists
and Engineers in the United States . . .. ........ 35
Lilli S. Hornig
Elected Women: Skewers of the Political System . . . . . . . . . 55
Judith Hicks Stiehm
The Relationship between the Labor Force Employment
of Women and the Changing Social Organization
in Canada ... . ..... 65
Lorna R. Marsden
Power and Political Behaviors in Organizations:
A New Frontier for Research on Male/Female Differences ... 77
Virginia E. Schein
Sex-Role Stereotypes and Personal Attributes within a
Developmental Framework . . .. ........... 85
Anne-Sofie Rosen
PART II: WOMEN AND THE WORLD OF WORK:
PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING
Introduction. . . . . . .... 97
Lawrence A. Palinkas
Bringing Down the Rear: The Decline in the
Economic Position of Single-Mother Families . . . . . . . . 109
Clair (Vickery) Brown
xi
xii CONTENTS
Job Creation and Unemployment for Canadian Women. 129
Pat Armstrong and Hugh Armstrong
Poverty Viewed as a Woman's Problem-The U.S. Case. 153
Jane Roberts Chapman and Gordon R. Chapman
Poverty, Work, and Mental Health: The Experience
of Low-Income Mothers. . . . . . . . . . 179
Deborah E. Belle and Ruth Tebbets
PART III: WOMEN AND THE WORLD OF WORK:
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING
WOMEN'S INCREASED LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
Introduction. . . . 191
Camille Kim Cook
Microeconomic Effects of Women Entering the Labor Force . . . . 203
Barbara B. Reagan
Women's Work and the Family Wage in Canada. . . . . . . . . . 223
M. Patricia Connelly
A Statistical Analysis of Female Participation in Work and
the Effects on the Population and Socioeconomic
Development: A Case Study of Greece . . . . . . . . . . 239
Stylianos K. Athanassiou
Labor Force Participation and Earnings of Women in Andalusia. . . 255
Michelle Riboud
Economic Aspects of Female Labor Force Participation
in the Federal Republic of Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Wolfgang Franz
PART IV: WOMEN AND THE WORLD OF WORK:
ROLE INTEGRATION AND REVISION
Introduction . . .. .................... 281
Mary P. Wagner, Anne Hoiberg, Camille Kim Cook, and
Lawrence A. Palinkas
Child Care Use and Constraints in the United States . . . . . . . 295
Harriet B. Presser
The Attitude of Danish Mothers to Child Care, 1975 to 1979 . . . . 305
Henning Transgaard