Women and Social Policy: A Reader PDF
Preview Women and Social Policy: A Reader
EN IN SOCIETY inist List edited by JoCampling editorialadvisorygroup Maria Brenton, University College, Cardiff; Phillida Buckle, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand; Leonore Davidoff, University of Essex; Janet Finch, University of Lancaster; Jalna Hanmer, University of Bradford; Beverley Kingston, University ofNew South Wales, Australia; Hilary Land, University of Bristol; Diana Leonard, University of London Institute of Education; Susan Lonsdale, Polytechnic of the South Bank; Jean O'Barr, Duke Unioersity;North Carolina, USA; Arlene Tigar McLaren, Simon FraserUniversity, British Columbia, Canada; Jill Roe, Macquarie Univer sity,Australia; PatThane, Goldsmiths'College, Univer sity of London; Jane Thompson, University of Southampton; Clare Ungerson, University of Kent at Canterbury; Judy Walkowitz, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA. The 1970sand 1980shaveseenanexplosionofpublish ingby, aboutandfor women.Thisnewlistisdesignedto make a particular contribution to this process by com missioning and publishing books which consolidateand advance feminist research and debate in key areas in a form suitable for students, academics and researchers butalso accessible to abroadergeneralreadership. As far as possible books will adopt an international perspective incorporating comparative material from a range of countries where this isilluminating. Above all they will be interdisciplinary, aiming to put women's studies and feminist discussion firmly on the agenda in subject-areasasdisparate aslaw,physicaleducation,art andsocial policy. EN IN SOCIETY inist List edited by )oCampling Published The Family in Question: changing households and familiar ideologies DianaGittins WomenandCrime FrancesHeidensohn PassbookNumberF.47927:womenandMauMauinKenya MuthoniLikimani(Introductory Essay byJean O'Barr) WomenandSocial Policy: a reader ClareUngerson(editor) Forthcoming WomeninIreland Jenny Beale IdeologiesofCaring Gillian Dalley Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words: women's history and women'swork LeonoreDavidoffandBelindaWestover(editors) WomenandSport JenniferHargreaves WomenandSpirituality UrsulaKing Marriageand Money JanPahl Livingwith Conflict RosemaryRidd (editor) Women'sFamilyLives LesleyRimmer TheArtof Women JanetWolff Women and Social Policy A Reader Edited by Clare Ungerson M MACMILLAN Selectionandeditorialmatter©ClareUngerson1985 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1985 978-0-333-36725-4 TheAcknowledgementspageconstitutesacontinuationof thiscopyrightpage. Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmission ofthispublicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copied ortransmittedsavewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordance withtheprovisionsoftheCopyrightAct1956(asamended). Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationto thispublicationmaybeliabletocriminalprosecutionand civilclaimsfordamages. Firstpublished1985 Publishedby HigherandFurtherEducationDivision MACMILLAN PUBLISHERSLTD Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG212XS aridLondon Companiesandrepresentatives throughouttheworld FilmsettingbyVantagePhotosettingCoLtd, EastleighandLondon BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Womenandsocialpolicy.-(Womeninsociety) 1.Women-GreatBritain-Socialconditions I.Ungerson,Clare II.Series 305.4'2'0941 HQ1593 ISBN978-0-333-36726-1 ISBN978-1-349-17956-5(eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-17956-5 Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements ix SectionI WOMEN AND SOCIAL SECURITY A. Motherhood Introduction 3 HilaryLand TheIntroductionofFamily Allowances:anActofHistoricJustice? 9 TheFamilyAllowanceCampaign Family Allowance 30 ZoeFairbaims The WrongRats 33 B. Marriage Introduction 44 HilaryLand WhoStillCaresfortheFamily?Recent DevelopmentsinIncomeMaintenance 50 ZoeFairbaims The CohabitationRule- WhyIt MakesSense 63 DavidDonnison The CohabitationRule 75 SectionD WOMEN AND HOUSING POLICY Introduction 85 HelenAusterberryandSophieWatson A Woman's Place:aFeministApproachtoHousinginBritain 91 MarilynFrench TheWomen'sRoom 109 Ken CoatesandRichardSilbum Houseworkina ~um 112 vi Contents Sectionm WOMEN AND EDUCATION POLICY Introduction 119 RosemaryDeem StatePolicyandIdeologyinthe EducationofWomen, 1944-1980 124 MichelleStanworth 'JustThreeQuietGirls' 137 SectionIV WOMEN AND HEALTH CARE POLICY Introduction 149 LesleyDoyal WomenandtheCrisisintheNational HealthService 154 MalcolmPotts,PeterDiggoryandJohnPeel The Workingofthe1967AbortionActinBritain 161 SallyMacintyre Gynaecologist/WomanInteraction 175 SectionV WOMEN AND THE PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES Introduction 185 JeffHearn Patriarchy, Professionalisationandthe Semi-Professions 190 SectionVI WOMEN AND THE INFORMAL AND VOLUNTARY SECTOR OF THE SOCIAL SERVICES Introduction 209 MargaretThatcher 'FacingtheNewChallenge' 213 JanetFinchandDulcieGroves CommunityCare andtheFamily:A CaseforEqualOpportunities? 218 HilaryRose Women'sRefuges:CreatingNew FormsofWelfare? 243 Bibliography 261 Index 275 Preface While preparing a course on 'Women and Social Policy' at the Universityof KentIrealisedthattheliteratureinthisareaofSocial Administration and Women's Studies was still widely scattered across a range of journals, government reports and books (fiction and non-fiction), such that it was practically impossible for any student, let alone teacher, to find everything they needed for an adequategraspoftheissuesacrossallthesocialservices.Thisbook is designed to bring some of those scattered readings together in suchawaythattherelationshipbetweenwomenandeachofthefive social policy areas, namely social security, housing, education, health and the personal socialservices, isclarified.Eachsectionof the book deals with oneof thesefive areas.Thefinal sectiondeals withwomen'srelationshipto thefast-growingareaofsocialservice provisioninthevoluntaryandinformalsectors. The sections of the book (and the two sub-sections) are each prefacedby ashortintroductionwrittenby myself. Theseintroduc tions are designed to do three things: first, to make sense of the particularreadings I havechosen for thesection; second, to intro duce the literature pertinent to each policy area; and third, to outlinesome- though by no meansall-theissuesthatariseoutof each set of readings. Sinceeachof the introductionsis specifically designed to introducefurther reading on the topic, readersshould use the full bibliography at the end of the book to build up their reading lists.Where I have beenunabletoweavealltheimportant and relevant reading into the thread of the argument, I have appendedabriefnoteon additionalreadingto eachoftheintroduc tions. Itismy hopethateachsectionwillsparkofffarmoreideasthanI have had thespaceto develop here.Itispartlyfor thatreasonthat most of the introductions are deliberately left open-ended. But there is also an intellectual reason: it seems to me that there are dilemmas for women contained within each social service area vii viii Preface which are extremely difficult to resolve. Again, I hope that the posingofunresolvedquestionswillleadtofurtherdiscussionamong students and teachers alike. There are also two issues which, for reasons of space, havenotbeendiscussedat length.Class relations and race relations form much of the context for discussion of the relationship between women and social policy, but to coverthem fullywouldhaveneededasecondbook. I first started to think about teaching a course on 'Women and SocialPolicy'arrangedinthis waywhen,in1981,Ispentasemester at the Department of Political Science at the University of Mas sachusetts,Amherst. Mygratefulthanksaredueto thesmallgroup ofstudentswho attendedthatembryoniccourseandwho, withtheir enthusiasm, convinced me that here was a course that was worth developing.Subsequently,attheUniversityofKent,Ihavetaughta course of that name on the MA in Women's Studies and on the undergraduate degree in Social Administration. Members of the Women's Studies Committee, particularly Mary Evans and Janet Sayers,havebeenofimmensehelptomeinverymanyways,bothas colleagues and as friends. SarahCarter, AssistantLibrarian at the University of Kent, recognised in its very early days the great importanceof academicfeminism, and,largelythroughherefforts, the University now has an excellent collection of feminist writing which Ihavefoundinvaluable.MembersoftheBoardofStudiesin SocialPolicy and Administration, particularlyJohn Baldock,Nick ManningandPeterTaylor-Gooby,eachofwhomhavecontributed to the course, have also been extremelyhelpful. And, last butnot least,Imustthank,fortheirresponsivenessandconfidence,theMA students and undergraduates at the University of Kent who have takenthis courseoverthepastthreeyears. A number of people have helped me directly with this book by commentingon the introductions.They are: DavidDonnison,Vic George, Hilary Land, Nick Manning, Chris Pickvance, Marion RobertsandJanetSayers.Iamverygratefulto allofthem;theyare, ofcourse,notresponsibleforwhatremains.JoCampling,theeditor of this list, was always at the endof the telephone with supportive and soothing words. Finally, I am deeply grateful to William Fortescuefor allhissupport- practicalandotherwise. CLAREUNGERSON Acknowledgements The author and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindlygiven permissionfor theuse ofcopyrightmaterial: Edward Arnold for an extract from 'In Practice Supported, In Theory Denied' by Hilary Rose in InternationalJournal ofUrban andRegionalResearch,Vol. 2, No.3 (1978). Helen Austerberry and Sophie Watson for 'A Woman's Place:A Feminist Approachto Housingin Britain'first publishedinFemin istReview,No.8(1981). The British Sociological Association for extracts from 'Notes on Patriarchy, Professionalization and the Semi-Professions' by Jeff Hearnwhich first appearedin Sociology,Vol. 16, No.2(1982). Cambridge University Press for an extract from 'The Workingof the 1967 Abortion Act in Britain' by M. Potts, P. Diggory and J. Peelin Abortion(1977);andan extractfrom 'CommunityCareand the Family: A Case for Equal Opportunities?' in Journal ofSocial PolicybyJ.FinchandD.Groves(Vol. 9,Part4, October1984). Carfax Publishing Company Ltd for an extract from 'State Policy and Ideology in the Education of Women, 1944-1980, by Rose mary Deem in British Journal ofSociology ofEducation, Vol. 2, No.2(1981). CriticalSocial Policy Ltd for an extractfrom 'Women, Healthand theSexualDivisionofLabour' byLesleyDoyalin Women'sHealth Movement, CriticalSocialPolicy,Issue7(1983). Croom Helm Ltd for an extract from Women's Welfare, Women's Rightsby Hilary Land;andan extractfrom SingleandPregnantby SallyMcIntyre. Andre Deutsch Ltd for an extract from The Women's Room by MarilynFrench.
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