Table Of Content

Women and Politics Worldwide EDITED BY BARBARA J. NELSON & NAJMA CHOWDHURY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN & LONDON 5 ^ For Main nr Reza Chowdhury Published with assistance from the foundation established in memory of Philip Hamilton McMillan of the Class of 1894, and Yale College. Betty-Jane James Bernard J. Nelson Copyright © 1994 by Yale University. All rights reserved. and and This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, George Knox Rachel Wayne Nelson including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by Nancy Ovedovitz. Set in Galliard type by The Composing Room of Michigan, Inc. Printed in the United States of America by Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Women and politics worldwide / edited by Barbara J. Nelson 320.082- and Najma Chowdhury. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. isbn 0-300-05407-6 (cloth : alk. paper). — isbn 0-300-05408-4 (paper : alk. paper) C. 1. Women in politics—Cross-cultural studies. 2. Women’s rights—Cross-cultural studies. I. Nelson, Barbara J., 1949- . II. Caudhurl, Najama, 1942- . HQ1236.W6363 1994 3207082—dc20 93-28668 CIP A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence jjQ and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 987654321 Contents Acknowledgments IX a Bolivia A Ghana Women and Politics: Gender Relations in Women and the Evolution of a Ghanaian Bolivian Political Organizations and Political Synthesis Labor Unions KAMENE OICONJO 285 GLORIA ARDAYA SALINAS a Great Britain TRANSLATED BY SAMUEL M. DUBOIS 114 The Rules of the Political Game: A Brazil Feminism and Politics in Great Britain Women in the Struggle for Democracy JONI LOVENDUSKI 298 and Equal Rights in Brazil FANNY TABAK 127 a Greece Women Confronting Party Politics A Canada in Greece Building a Political Voice: Women’s ANN R. CACOULLOS 311 Participation and Policy Influence in Canada a Hong Kong SYLVIA BASHEVKIN 142 The Underdeveloped Political Potential a China of Women in Hong Kong Women’s Life in New China FANNY M. CHEUNG, SHIRLEY PO-SAN YUE DAIYUN AND LI JIN 161 WAN, AND OLIVIA CHI-KIE WAN 326 A Costa Rica A Hungary With Patience and Without Blood: Hungarian Women’s Political The Political Struggles of Costa Participation in the Transition Rican Women to Democracy mirta gonzAlez-suArez 174 KATALIN KONCZ 347 a Cuba a India Revolutionizing Women, Family, Women’s Political Engagement in India: and Power Some Critical Issues JEAN STUBBS 189 HEM LATA SWARUP, NIROJ SINHA, A Czechoslovakia (former) CHITRA GHOSH, AND PAM RAJPUT 361 Women’s Issues in Czechoslovakia in the Communist and Postcommunist Periods A Israel Women and Politics in Israel SHARON L. WOLCHIK 208 DAPHNA SHARFMAN 380 a Egypt The Paradoxes of State Feminism a Japan in Egypt The U.N. Convention on Eliminating MERVAT F. HATEM 226 Discrimination Against Women and the Status of Women in Japan A France NUITA YOKO, YAMAGUCHI MITSUKO, The Same or Different? An Unending Dilemma for French Women AND ICUBO KIMIKO TRANSLATED BY ELIZABETH J. CLARKE 396 JANE JENSON AND MARIETTE SINEAU 243 A Germany A Kenya Women and Politics: The New Federal Man-Made Political Machinery in Kenya: Republic of Germany Political Space for Women? CHRISTIANE LEMKE 261 MARIA NZOMO AND KATHLEEN STAUDT 415 vi Contents a Korea, Republic of (South Korea) a Peru Women’s Political Engagement and Between Confusion and the Law: Participation in the Republic of Korea Women and Politics in Peru BONG-SCUIC SOHN 436 VIRGINIA VARGAS AND VICTORIA VILLANUEVA 575 a Mexico A The Philippines The Struggle for Life, or Pulling Off Philippine Leminism in Historical the Mask of Infamy Perspective ELI BARTRA BELINDA A. AQUINO 590 TRANSLATED BY JOHN MRAZ 448 a Poland A Morocco Polish Women as the Object and Subject Women in Morocco: Gender Issues of Politics During and After the and Politics Communist Period AICHA AFIFI AND RAJAE MSEFER 461 RENATA SIEMIESJSKA TRANSLATED BY G. DZIURDZIK- a Nepal KRASNIEWSKA 608 Political Participation of Women in Nepal a Puerto Rico MEENA ACHARYA 478 At the Crossroads: Colonialism and Leminism in Puerto Rico A The Netherlands YAMILA AZIZE-VARGAS 625 Political Participation of Women: The Netherlands A South Africa MONIQUE LEIJENAAR AND KEES Women in Politics Under Apartheid: NIEMOLLER 496 A Challenge to the New South Africa BARBARA KLUGMAN 639 A Nigeria A Spain Reversing the Marginalization of the Women’s Political Engagement in Spain Invisible and Silent Majority: Women MARIA TERESA GALLEGO MENDEZ in Politics in Nigeria TRANSLATED BY MARGARITA KAMENE OKONJO 512 GOMEZ-REINO 660 a Norway a Sudan The State and Women: A Troubled The Women’s Movement, Displaced Relationship in Norway Women, and Rural Women in Sudan JANNEKE VAN DER ROS 527 MAGDA M. EL-SANOUSI AND NAFISA AHMED EL-AMIN 674 A Palestine A Switzerland Women’s Participation in the Palestine Direct Democracy and Women’s Liberation Organization Suffrage: Antagonism in Switzerland AMAL KAWAR 544 REGULA STAMPFLI 690 A Papua New Guinea a Turkey Rhetoric, Reality, and a Dilemma: Turkish Women as Agents of Social Women and Politics in Papua Change in a Pluralist Democracy New Guinea NERMIN ABADAN-UNAT EILEEN WORMALD 560 AND OYA TOKGQZ 705 Contents vii a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics A Uruguay (former) Uruguay: A Recent History of a Subject Soviet Women and Politics: On the Brink with a History of Its Own of Change GRACIELA SAPRIZA OLGA A. VORONINA TRANSLATED BY I NILS TRABAL 758 TRANSLATED BY ANATOLII SMIRNOFF 721 Appendix: Selected Information from the a United States Country Charts 773 Many Voices But Few Vehicles: The Consequences for Women of Weak List of Contributors 787 Political Infrastructure in the United Index 797 States BARBARA J. NELSON AND KATHRYN A. CARVER 737 viii Contents Few books have enjoyed the support of as many individuals and institutions as 'Women and Politics Worldwide. Our first thanks go to each other for nearly a decade of friendship, affection, and scholarly collaboration that crossed the globe. We both thank Nancy Johnson, associate direc¬ tor of the Center on Women and Public Policy, who managed this project with consummate skill and intelligence. The center, located in the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota, served as the sec¬ retariat of the project, and its administrative assis¬ tants, Ellen Carlson, Stacey Grimes, Karen Schuster,and Linda Colbeth, have our profound thanks. To the authors in the volume we extend our heartfelt thanks. They are smart and wise, tal¬ ented and adventurous, patient and generous, and we enjoyed their companionship on this long journey of international research and feminist de¬ velopment. The women of the world, whose po¬ litical conditions and aspirations are partially an¬ alyzed here, were always in our thoughts. A large group of dedicated graduate students worked on this project. Their intelligence, enthu¬ siasm, and willingness to tackle questions of poli¬ tics and feminism in many countries contributed importantly to its success. In Bangladesh and the United States we thank Sarita Ahuja, Lavon Anderson, Abul Kalam Azad, Melissa Bass, Tom Gilles, Clare Gravon, Stephanie Hawkinson, Alissa Hummer, Sarah McGrath Johnson, Gary Keese, Karen Kingsley, Janet Larsen, Julie Luner, Renee Monson, Barbara Naramore, Stefanie Novacek, Paula O’Loughlin, Giilhan Ovalioglu, Paula Prahl, Polly Prunuske, Katie Shea, Kris Thalhammer, Whitney Thompson, Rita Ulrich, Nancy Vivian, Kristin Watkins, Margaret Woods, and Gayle Zoffer. In addition, we thank the many individuals who undertook translations for the book, read chapters as regional specialists, or consulted on a host of topics ranging from inter¬ national debt to the changing configuration of nationalism. We are grateful to them for their talent and commitment. We owe a special debt of gratitude to Kathryn A. (“Mandy”) Carver for her sustaining role in the project. In 1985 she represented the the University of Minnesota in 1988, and to the United States at our session “Educating Women Humphrey Institute for the friendship extended for Political Participation Worldwide” at the to Najma during her visits. Nairobi Non-Governmental Forum that closed We thank those remarkable individuals whose the U.N. Decade for Women. She traveled exten¬ unflagging belief in the project made it possible sively to confer with authors, and, as a research for scholars and activists across the world to work fellow, she contributed to the research and editing together: June Zeitlin of the Ford Foundation of many chapters. for early and continued support; G. Edward We thank Carlos Ruiz of the Cartography Lab¬ Schuh, Dean, and Paul Light, former Associate oratory at the University of Minnesota for his ex¬ Dean, of the Humphrey Institute for institu¬ cellent cartography and for his colleagueship in tional, monetary, and intellectual support; Anne designing a map that reflects the great changes in Peterson, Dean, and Robert Holt, former Dean, political geography that occurred during the re¬ of the Graduate School of the University of Min¬ search. nesota for continued support of Barbara Nelson To our many funders we give thanks for their through the faculty grants program; Shamsul moral and material support. Each supported a Huda Harum and Emajuddin Ahmed, who vision, a process, and a product. Foremost, we chaired the Department of Political Science, would like to thank the Ford Foundation and the University of Dhaka, during 1987-92, and U niversity of Minnesota for their commitment to M. Nazrul Islam, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Dalem Ch. and continuous support of the Women and Poli¬ Barman, and Dil Roushan Zinnat Ara Nazeen of tics Worldwide project. We also thank the Rock¬ the department for their cooperation and assis¬ efeller Foundation for making available to us the tance; Carol Pateman, President, and Guillermo hospitality of the Villa Serbelloni in Bellagio, O’Donnell, former President, of the Interna¬ Italy, where, joined by Nancy Johnson, we spent tional Political Science Association for designat¬ a month together drafting the four overview ing this project an official research endeavor of chapters; the Kellogg National Fellowship Pro¬ ipsa; Catherine Rudder, Executive Director, and gram for support for Barbara Nelson to establish Robert Hauclc, Assistant Director, of the Ameri¬ the network of scholars who participated in this can Political Science Association for assistance project; and the Ford Foundation, Dhaka, and with the mid-project meeting; Fazle Hasan the Norwegian Agency for Development Coop¬ Abed, Executive Director of the Bangladesh eration (norad), Dhaka, for travel grants to Najma Rural Advancement Committee (brac), for ex¬ Chowdhury to attend conferences in Nairobi, tending access to fax facilities to Najma Chow¬ New York, and Buenos Aires. dhury; Adrienne Germain and Susan Davis, for¬ We are grateful to the government of the Peo¬ merly of the Ford Foundation office in Dhaka; ple’s Republic of Bangladesh for the support ex¬ Zakia Hassan of norad, Dhaka; Susan Garfield tended to Najma Chowdhury to participate at of the Rockefeller Foundation; and Francis and the U.N. Non-Governmental Forum at Nairobi Jackie Sutton and Gianna Celli of the Villa Ser¬ and for her nomination as member of the Ban¬ belloni in Bellagio. gladesh delegation to the U.N. General Assem¬ In addition, we would like to acknowledge the bly in 1986, and to the University of Dhaka, Ban¬ contributions of universities, nongovernmental gladesh, for granting the leave over the past years organizations, and government agencies for re¬ that enabled her to participate in this collabora¬ search and travel grants for authors of the chap¬ tive work as coeditor and author. We are also ters on Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, grateful to the International Visitor Program and China, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, the Fulbright Program of the U.S. government, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Ja¬ under which Najma Chowdhury visited Min¬ pan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, the Nether¬ neapolis in 1984 and resided as visiting scholar at lands, Norway, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, x Acknowledgments