Women and Nationalism in the Making of Modern Greece: The Founding of the Kingdom to the Greco-Turkish War (St. Antony's)

245 Pages·2009·1.46 MB·English

by  Demetra Tzanaki

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Women and Nationalism
in the Making of
Modern Greece
The Founding of the Kingdom to
the Greco-Turkish War
Demetra Tzanaki
Senior Researcher, The Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens, Greece

In Association with
St Antony’s College, Oxford
© Demetra Tzanaki 2009
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2009 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin's Press LLC,
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Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
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Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
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ISBN-13: 978–0–230–54546–5 hardback
ISBN-10: 0–230–54546–7 hardback
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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I am dedicating this book to my daughter Athena
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Contents
Preface viii
Introduction: Nationalism and Its Gender Histories 1
Part I Gender and the Nation (1836–1869)
1. King of the Greeks or King of the Hellenes? 13
2. Morality and Female Authority 22
3. The Prototype Kingdom: What Kind of Woman? 34
Part II The Emergence of a Female Consciousness:
Women and the Nation (1869–1880)
4. The Choice of Terms 59
5. Women and Hellenismos: The Publication of ‘Evridiki’ 65
6. The Cult of Domesticity and the World Outside Home 80
7. Lessons of Life 95
Part III Gender and the State (1880–1897)
8. The Civic Religion 111
9. A Kind of Power, Women and Politics:
The Publication of ‘Ephimeris ton Kyrion’ (1887–1897) 122
Conclusions 159
Notes 166
Bibliography 201
Index 229
vii
Preface
This book has been very long in the making. It started in the spring
light of my home in Athens, Greece, when I was a (final-year) under-
graduate student at the University of Athens. Yet, probably I could not
have persisted in the effort to write it book without being fortunate to
study with scholars such as Georgios Dertilis, Maro Pantelidou Malouta,
Konstantinos Tsoukalas, Thanos Veremis and Ilias Nikolakopoulos. In
particular, to my friend Ilias Nikolakopoulos I owe a special gratitude,
for his encouragement and support, throughout these years.
In the making of this book, I benefited greatly from the generosity of
many scholars who were willing to read and criticize parts of the manu-
script that related to their particular expertise. My profound thanks
go to: Theodore Zeldin, Wendy Bracewell, Efi Avdela, Richard Clogg,
Peter Siani-Davies, Mary Siani-Davies and Penny Edwards. Especially
Theodore Zeldin’s constructive criticism and encouragement, when-
ever he received something from me, could never be acknowledged
in words alone. He, with Wendy Bracewell, read for a second time the
entire manuscript, boosting my confidence, and they have my warm-
est appreciation and true gratitude for their analytic insights during its
final stage of development. A late draft of the entire book was finally
read by Demosthenis Coulouthros and he has my warmest appreciation
and gratitude for his suggestions for the manuscript. This book is also
published in Greek from Savalas Press and I am indebted to the editor of
the series, Michalis Spourdalakis, for his decision to include this book
also in the Greek series.
Fortunately, I had the chance to give a series of courses on this
research in the University of Athens and the programme THEFYLIS.
(on gender issues and equality). I owe an enormous dept of gratitude to
those responsible for the programme and my undergraduate students
who shared my excitement in the discoveries we were making.

On a personal level, the love of my friends and family nurtured me and
sustained me throughout these years. For their generosity, encourage-
ment and love, I am deeply grateful to Elizabeth, Salvos, Yves, Thomas,
Maria, Myriam, Ifigeneia, Ferderika, Diane, Nikos, as all of them have
contributed in my life in ways they cannot imagine. My gratefulness
for my parents Vasiliki Tzanaki-Panayiotou and Georgios Tzanakis’
generosity and love goes beyond words. My grandmother Demetra
viii
Preface ix
Panayiotou deserves my gratitude for all these years’ love and kindness.
The love from other members of my family, such as my brother Nikolas
and my nephew Philippos, over the years, merits my deep gratitude. To
Daisy, my dear friend, mother of Philippos, now she is gone, I owe a dif-
ferent kind of debt, as she has stood next to me each day, knowing and
hearing and sharing without ever doubting for me. To Penny; despite
the geographical distance between us, I have attained a good measure
of what human generosity and love means. Our friendship is for me a
constant source of inspiration. To my daughter Athena I own endless
hours of joy, a number of interruptions, phrases that found their way
into these pages and a story of a real daily life.
Anyone who has done research in the libraries in Athens will under-
stand how difficult the collection of such a material can be to work
with. However, I am indebted to my friend Manos Haritatos, director
of the Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive (ELIA), for his know-
ledge and courteous help. His extensive knowledge of sources and his
cheerful support gave me the strength to finish this volume and to start
thinking for writing the second volume of this work.
This book however, could not, then, simply be dedicated to those
women, such as Kalliope Kehayia, Kalliroe Parren, Penelope Lazaridou,
Agathoniki Antoniadou, Sappho Leontias, Aikaterini Ktena-Leontias,
Aikaterini Hristomanou-Laskaridou and so many others whose thoughts
and actions inspired each page of this work.
Demetra Tzanaki
Glyfada