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Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States: A Comparative Overview of Textual Development and Advocacy (Amsterdam University Press - ISIM Papers series) PDF

255 Pages·2007·1.16 MB·English
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WWOOMMEENN AANNDD MMUUSSLLIIMM FFAAMMIILLYY LLAAWWSS WWoommeenn aanndd MMuusslliimm FFaammiillyy LLaawwss iinn AArraabb SSttaatteess:: AA CCoommppaarraattiivvee OOvveerrvviieeww ooff WW OO TTeexxttuuaall DDeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd AAddvvooccaaccyy ccoommbbiinneess aann eexxaammiinnaattiioonn ooff wwoommeenn’’ss MM IINN AARRAABB SSTTAATTEESS EE rriigghhttss iinn MMuusslliimm ffaammiillyy llaaww iinn AArraabb ssttaatteess aaccrroossss tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaasstt wwiitthh NN ddiissccuussssiioonnss ooff tthhee ppuubblliicc ddeebbaatteess ssuurrrroouunnddiinngg tthhee iissssuueess tthhaatt aarree rraaiisseedd AA NN AA CCOOMMPPAARRAATTIIVVEE OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW OOFF TTEEXXTTUUAALL DD iinn pprroocceesssseess ooff ccooddiiffiiccaattiioonn aanndd aammeennddmmeenntt.. AA nnuummbbeerr ooff ssttaatteess hhaavvee MM rreecceennttllyy eeiitthheerr ccooddiiffiieedd MMuusslliimm ffaammiillyy llaaww,, oorr UU SS DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT AANNDD AADDVVOOCCAACCYY Women and Muslim Family Laws in hhaavvee iissssuueedd ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt aammeennddmmeennttss oorr nneeww LL II MM Arab States: A Comparative Overview llaawwss oonn tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt.. TThhiiss ssttuuddyy ccoonnssiiddeerrss tthheessee FF AA of Textual Development and nneeww llaawwss aalloonngg wwiitthh oollddeerr ssttaattuutteess ttoo ccoommmmeenntt MM LLyynnnn WWeellcchhmmaann II Advocacy combines an examination. oonn ppaatttteerrnnss aanndd ddyynnaammiiccss ooff cchhaannggee bbootthh iinn LL YY LL tthhee tteexxttss ooff tthhee llaawwss,, aanndd iinn tthhee pprroocceesssseess bbyy AA WW women’s rights in Muslim family wwhhiicchh tthheeyy aarree ddrraafftteedd aanndd iissssuueedd.. IItt ddrraawwss SS II law in Arab states across the Middle oonn oorriiggiinnaall lleeggaall tteexxttss aass wweellll aass oonn eexxtteennssiivvee NN AA East with discussions of the public sseeccoonnddaarryy lliitteerraattuurree ffoorr aann iinnssiigghhtt iinnttoo pprraaccttiiccee;; RR AA debates surrounding iinntteerrvveennttiioonnss bbyy wwoommeenn’’ss rriigghhttss oorrggaanniissaattiioonnss BB SS aanndd ootthheerr ppaarrttiieess aarree ddrraawwnn oonn ttoo iiddeennttiiffyy TT AA women’s rights in Muslim family aarreeaass ooff tthhee llaawwss tthhaatt rreemmaaiinn ccoonntteesstteedd.. TThhee TT EE SS law in Arab states across the Middle ddiissccuussssiioonnss aarree sseett iinn tthhee ccoonntteemmppoorraarryy gglloobbaall East with discussions of the public ccoonntteexxtt tthhaatt ‘‘iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaalliisseess’’ tthhee ddoommeessttiicc debates the issues that are raised. aanndd rreeggiioonnaall ddiissccuussssiioonnss.. ISIM SERIES ON CONTEMPORARY LL YY MISUIMSL SIMER SIOECSI OENTI ECOS NTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES NN NN WW EE LL CC HH LLyynnnn WWeellcchhmmaannnn iiss sseenniioorr lleeccttuurreerr IISSBBNN--1133 997788 9900 55335566 997744 00 MM AA NN iinn IIssllaammiicc aanndd MMiiddddllee EEaasstteerrnn LLaawwss,, SScchhooooll ooff LLaaww aatt SSOOAASS ((SScchhooooll ooff OOrriieennttaall aanndd AAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess)) aatt tthhee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff LLoonnddoonn.. WWWWWW..AAUUPP..NNLL AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 1 Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 2 isim series on contemporary muslim societies TheISIMSeriesonContemporaryMuslimSocietiesisajoint initiativeofAmsterdamUniversityPress(AUP)andthe InternationalInstitutefortheStudyofIslamintheModern World(ISIM).TheSeriesseekstopresentinnovativescholarship onIslamandMuslimsocietiesindifferentpartsoftheglobe. ISIMwasestablishedin1998bytheUniversityofAmsterdam, LeidenUniversity,RadboudUniversityNijmegen,andUtrecht University.Theinstituteconductsandpromotesinterdisciplinary researchonsocial,political,cultural,andintellectualtrendsand movementsincontemporaryMuslimsocietiesandcommunities. Editors AnneliesMoors,ISIM/UniversityofAmsterdam MathijsPelkmans,ISIM/UniversityCollegeUtrecht AbdulkaderTayob,UniversityofCapeTown EditorialBoard Nadjeal-Ali,UniversityofExeter KamranAsdarAli,UniversityofTexasatAustin JohnBowen,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis LéonBuskens,LeidenUniversity ShamilJeppie,UniversityofCapeTown DenizKandiyoti,SOAS,UniversityofLondon MuhammadKhalidMasud,CouncilofIslamicIdeology,Pakistan WernerSchiffauer,Europa-UniversitätViadrianaFrankfurt(Oder) SeteneyShami,SocialScienceResearchCouncil AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 3 WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS IN ARAB STATES A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF TEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCACY Lynn Welchman ISIM SERIES ON CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES amsterdam university press AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 4 Coverdesignandlay-out:DeKreeft,Amsterdam ISBN 9789053569740 NUR 741/717 ©ISIM /AmsterdamUniversityPress,2007 Allrightsreserved.Withoutlimitingtherightsundercopyright reservedabove,nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,stored inorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany form or by any means (electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise)withoutthewrittenpermissionofboth thecopyrightownerandtheauthorofthebook. AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 5 to Akramal-Khatib AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 6 AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 7 Contents Preface 9 1. Introduction 11 2.Codification of Muslim Personal Status Law in Arab States: principle and processes 19 Currentdebates:BahrainandIraq 22 Legislation,judicialdiscretionandpoliticalprocess 26 3.Arab State Codifications and Women’s Rights Advocacy in the Third Phase of Family Law Reform 33 InternationallawandMuslimfamilylaw 34 Women’srightsadvocacy 37 Recentlegislativedevelopments 40 4.Sharªi Postulates, Statutory Law and the Judiciary 45 Tunisiaandthesharªipostulate 46 Judicialinterpretationandlegislativedirection 48 5.Registration Requirements 53 Unregisteredandªurfimarriage 56 Overview 59 6.Capacity and Consent 61 Minimumageofmarriage 62 TheJordaniandebateonraisingtheminimumageofcapacityformarriage 65 Guardianshipinmarriage 68 Theroleoftheguardian 72 Overview 75 7.Polygyny 77 Constraintsonpolygynyincontemporarylegislation 78 Lawfulbenefitandfinancialcapacity 79 Notificationrequirementsandconsentofthewife 81 Divorceoptionsandvalidityissues 83 Overview 86 AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 8 CONTENTS 8.The Marital Relationship 89 Dower 90 Maintenanceandobedience 93 Specialstipulationsinthemarriagecontract 99 Misyarmarriage 102 Overview 105 9.Divorce 107 Statutoryapproachestounilateraltalaqandjudicialdivorce 107 JudicialkhulªinEgypt 112 JudicialkhulªinJordan 116 Otherapproachestojudicialkhulª 119 Divorceasajudicialprocess 122 Compensation 125 Post-divorcerightstothemaritalhome 130 Overview 131 10.Parents and Children 133 Periodofcustody 134 Allocationofcustody 137 Paternityandadoption 142 Overview 149 11.Concluding Comment 151 List of Statutes Cited 157 Selected Statutory Provisions 161 1. MarriageGuardianshipandCapacity 161 2. Polygyny 167 3. TheMaritalRelationship 170 4. Stipulations 180 5. JudicialKhulªandcomparabledivorceprovisions 184 6. Compensationforinjurious/arbitrarydivorce 187 Notes 191 Glossary of Arabic Terms 229 Bibliography 233 Index 243 AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 9 Preface ThisbooktracesandcomparestheapproachesofdifferentArabLeaguemem- berstatestoasetofissuesinthefamilylawcodificationsthatapplytotheir majorityMuslimpopulationsastheyappearintheearlyyearsofthetwenty- first century ce. Looking at ‘text’ in this way has become rather unfashion- able in at least some parts of the Western academy. This is mostly due to disciplinarydevelopmentsinthespecialistfieldsandintheprofilesofschol- ars joining them – which, as elsewhere in scholarship, serve to locate and date earlier scholarship not only by years but by approach and perspective. Some well-deserved criticism has been made of the positivist, state-centric and‘Orientalist’approachofcertainprominentWesternscholarsofIslamic lawofpreviousgenerations.Thisforewordisnotmeanttobeadoublebluff; I’m not going to say that like others in my field I am aware of the limita- tions of state-law-focussed analysis of the legal field but having shown my awareness, will do it anyway. It is rather to affirm the continuing signifi- canceandinterestofstatutorycodificationsofMuslimfamilylawintheArab states of the Middle East and North Africa to an English-reading audience otherthanpractisinglawyersand‘experts’.Itisabundantlyclearthatstatu- tory law tells either only part of the story of ‘the law’, or only one story among many. That (part of the) story is still worth telling. Following critiques of colonial-era academia, a recognition of the politi- cal contingency of scholarship has happily led to ‘incentives to modesty’ on thepartofsomescholarscurrentlyworkinginthearea.Suchmodestyisall the more in order in light of the neo-imperial nature of political engage- mentswiththeArabregionatthecurrenttime;thediscoursesofpost-colo- nial scholarship do not always recognise the full implications of this frameworkforthecontemporaryacademicenterprise.Howevertheyarepo- sitioned,scholarsintheWesternacademyneedtobeclearabouttheframe- work of ‘the West’s’ current engagement with these issues. Humility and personalrigouraboutthedifferentlimitswithinwhichweeachwork,along with aspirations to push them, remain helpful guiding principles. 9

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Muslim family law—and its principles regarding marriage, divorce, personal maintenance, paternity, and child custody—is the one of the most widely applied family law systems in existence today.  A number of states have recently codified Muslim family law for the first time or have issued signif
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