Women and Missions: Past and Present | Anthropological and Historical Perceptions PDF
Preview Women and Missions: Past and Present | Anthropological and Historical Perceptions
_ CROSS- CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN | VOL. 1 School of Theology at Claremont _" | 10011434263 : obtaay solH istorical me> prerepsions, | & éPa s Hite . by “FIONA BOWIE, DEBORAH KIRKWOOD & SHIRLEY ARDENER ow The Library of the School of Theology at Claremont 1325 North College Avenue Claremont, CA 91711-3199 1/800-626-7820 Women and Missions: Past and Present Anthropological and Historical Perceptions Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women General Editors: Shirley Ardener and Jackie Waldren, for The Centre for Cross-Cultural Research on Women, University of Oxford Vol. 1: Persons and Powers of Women in Diverse Cultures Edited by Shirley Ardener Vol. 2: Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning Edited by Ruth Barnes and Joanne B. Eicher Vol. 3: The Anthropology of Breast-Feeding: Natural Law or Social Construct Edited by Vanessa A. Maher Vol. 4: Defining Females Edited by Shirley Ardener Vol. 5: Women and Space Edited by Shirley Ardener Vol. 6: Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women to South Africa, 1820-1939 Cecillie Swaisland Vol. 7: Migrant Women Edited by Gina Buijs Vol. 8: Carved Flesh/Carst Selves: Gendered Symbols and Social Practices Edited by Vigdis Broch-Due, Ingrid Rudie and Tone Bleie Vol. 9: Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use Edited by Pauline Burton, Ketaki Kushari Dyson and Shirley Ardener Vol. 10: Gender, Drink and Drugs Edited by Maryon McDonald Vol. 11: Women and Missions, Past and Present Edited by Fiona Bowie, Deborah Kirkwood and Shirley Ardener Vol. 12: Muslim Women’s Choices: Religious Belief and Social Realities Edited by Camillia Fawzi El-Solh and Judy Mabro Vol. 13: Women and Property, Women as Property Edited by Renée Hirschon > le) O AD bo) s V3 CROSS-CUiL TURAL PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN | VOLUME 11 Women and Missions: Past and Present Anthropological and Historical Perceptions EDITEDB Y Fiona Bowie, Deborah Kirkwood and Shirley Ardener BERG Providence/Oxford First published in 1993 by Berg Publishers Editorial offices: 221 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02906, USA 150 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JJ, UK © Fiona Bowie, Deborah Kirkwood, Shirley Ardener 1993 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of Berg Publishers Limited. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Women and missions: past and present: anthropological and historical perceptions / edited by Fiona Bowie, Deborah Kirkwood, and Shirley Ardener. J. ca. -- (Cross-cultural perspectives on women) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-85496-738-9 (Cloth) 0-85496-872 5 (paper) 1. Women in missionary work. 2. Missions--Africa. Sub-Saharan. I. Bowie, Fiona. II. Kirkwood, Deborah. III. Ardener, Shirley. IV. Series. BV2610. W618 1993 92-15997 269’ .2’082--dce20 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ® ISBN 0 85496 738 9 (hb) 0 85496 872 5 (pb) Photographs by courtesy of Studio Edmark, Oxford; Professor E. Kirkwood; Langham School, Zimbabwe; Borneo Mission Association; and the Bodleian Library, oa eo! Og Y Lj brary “SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AT CLAREMONT California Printed in the United States by Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI. Contents Acknowledgments Xi Abbreviations xiii List of photographic plates XV List of Maps XV Preface Deborah Kirkwood and Shirley Ardener XV1i 1. Introduction: Reclaiming Women’s Presence Fiona Bowie Making Women Visible A Liberating Gospel or a Colonial Conspiracy? Women as Missionaries The ‘Headship of Man’: Questions of Female Authority Mission Impact on Women: Liberating or Enslaving? Living in Two Worlds Bibliography PART I: WOMEN MISSIONARIES 2. Protestant Missionary Women: Wives and Spinsters Deborah Kirkwood 2 Introduction 23 Wives 25 Christina Coillard: Missionary Wife and Partner 29 Spinsters 31 Marriage 38 A Personal View of Missionary Life 39 Conclusion 40 Bibliography 4] vi Contents ‘The Missing Link’: The Recruitment of Women Mission- aries in some English Evangelical Missionary Societies in the Nineteenth Century Peter Williams 43 Introduction 43 Hudson Taylor, the China Inland Mission and the Holiness Milieu 45 The Established Missionary Societies 54 Background, Training and Motivation 57 The Relationship between Women Missionaries and the Societies 64 Bibliography 67 Wanted - Earnest, Self-Sacrificing Women for Service in South Africa: Nineteenth-Century Recruitment of Single Women to Protestant Missions Cecillie Swaisland 70 Introduction 70 The Ideology of the Lady 71 The Myth of Redundancy 72 Women’s Education and Employment 73 Missions in Southern Africa 74 Single Women in the Mission Field 74 The Expansion of the Anglican Church at the Cape 76 Colenso’s Sisterhood in Natal 76 The Sisterhood of St George, Cape Town 77 Bishop Webb and the Community of St Michael and All Angels, Bloemfontein 78 Bishop Webb on the Role of Women 78 Sister Henrietta Stockdale 79 Mother Cecilie of the Community of the Resurrection, Grahamstown 80 The Expansion of Women’s Work 80 Conclusion — The Problem of Recruitment 82 Who Went to the Mission Field? 82 Bibliography 83 Contents | Vii 5. ‘God and Nature Intended You for a Missionary’s Wife’: Mary Hill, Jane Eyre and Other Missionary Women in the 1840s Valentine Cunningham 85 Victorian India Texts 85 Medicinal Living and Soldierly Dying 88 The ‘Prom. of Fem. Educ.’ 90 Marginal People 93 Fellow-Missionary? 96 Eastern Allusions 98 In Darkest England 100 The Last Word? 102 A Stranger’s Hand 103 Bibliography 105 PART II: MISSION IMPACT ON WOMEN 6. Were Women a Special Case? Adrian Hastings 109 Introduction 109 Women Missionaries as Role Models 110 The Rights of Women 112 Female Converts to Mission Christianity 112 African Marriage Versus Mission Morality 115 Conversion and Commitment 119 Centrality and Marginality 121 Bibliography 124 7. From Heathen Kraal to Christian Home: Anglican Mission Education and African Christian Girls, 1850-1900 Modupe Labode 126 Introduction 126 Mission Schools and African Girls 130 Domestic Service and Domestic Education 134 Dissent and Rebellion 136 Bibliography 142 vill Contents The Elusive Christian Family: Missionary Attempts to Define Women’s Roles. Case Studies from Cameroon Fiona Bowie 145 Introduction 145 The Mill Hill Missionaries and the Christian family 147 ‘Sister Mammy’ Settlements 148 The Authority of the Chief versus Mission Authority 151 Chief Fonwen and his Wives 152 Buma and his Wives 153 Traditional Custom and Church Teaching 154 Impotence and the Annulment of Christian Marriages 157 Disappointment or Indigenisation? isg Conclusion 162 Bibliography 163 Mission Impact on Women in Colonial Kenya Tabitha Kanogo 165 Introduction 165 Early Mission Encounters 167 Genesis of Mission Girls 168 A Look Through the Window 169 The Female Circumcision Controversy 170 Marriage 174 Self-reliance 178 Early Mission Training 180 Conclusion 184 Bibliography 185 10. Mary Ann Cooke to Mother Teresa: Christian Missionary Women and the Indian Response Aparna Basu 187 Introduction 187 Social Reformers and Missionaries 187 Missionaries’ Views on Indian Women 189 The State of Women’s Education in the Early Nineteenth Century 189 The Coming of Christian Missionaries 191 Day Primary Schools 192 College Education 195 Orphanages and Boarding Schools 197 The Zenana System 199
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