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Jan Louis With String Theory to the Big Bang A Journey to the Origin of the Universe essentials Springer essentials Springer essentials provide up-to-date knowledge in a concentrated form. They aim to deliver the essence of what counts as “state-of-the-art” in the current aca- demic discussion or in practice. With their quick, uncomplicated and comprehen- sible information, essentials provide: • an introduction to a current issue within your field of expertise • an introduction to a new topic of interest • an insight, in order to be able to join in the discussion on a particular topic Available in electronic and printed format, the books present expert knowledge from Springer specialist authors in a compact form. They are particularly suitable for use as eBooks on tablet PCs, eBook readers and smartphones. Springer essen- tials form modules of knowledge from the areas economics, social sciences and humanities, technology and natural sciences, as well as from medicine, psychol- ogy and health professions, written by renowned Springer-authors across many disciplines. More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/subseries/16761 Jan Louis With String Theory to the Big Bang A Journey to the Origin of the Universe Jan Louis Fachbereich Physik Universität Hamburg Hamburg, Germany ISSN 2197-6708 ISSN 2197-6716 (electronic) essentials ISSN 2731-3107 ISSN 2731-3115 Springer essentials ISBN 978-3-658-35849-5 ISBN 978-3-658-35850-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35850-1 This book is a translation of the original German edition „Mit der Stringtheorie zum Urknall“ by Louis, Jan, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH in 2021. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Responsible Editor: Margit Maly This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Abraham-Lincoln-Str. 46, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany What You Can Find in This essential • An introduction and overview of the state of the art in cosmology, particle physics and string theory. • A short version of the history of our universe—from established facts to a selection of speculations. v Preface The whence and the whither have always occupied and inspired people. Today we are able to describe the history of the universe scientifically with impressive accuracy. With very few assumptions, it is possible to reconstruct this history from about 0.00000001 seconds after the Big Bang until today. The interplay of cosmology, general relativity, particle physics and quantum theory is the key to this success. Only the beginning, the Big Bang itself, has so far eluded the estab- lished laws of physics. The closer we get to it, the more speculative the situation becomes. In this book, we want to take the reader on a journey to the Big Bang and learn about the various physical theories, observations and discoveries along the way. In the process, string theory will also be presented as a possible candidate for an all-encompassing physical theory that has the potential to explain the Big Bang. Its sometimes spectacular predictions, such as additional spatial dimensions or parallel universes, will also be discussed. Who is this book written for, or who would we like to invite on this journey? Anyone can go and we hope that everyone will enjoy it. However, some basic knowledge of natural science is certainly useful from time to time. The book would not have been possible without the critical and support- ive comments of Wilfried Buchmüller, Ilka Flegel, Nicola Gaedicke, Sarah Gottschalk, Michael Grefe, Wiebke Kircheisen, Norbert König, Christian Kühn, Margit Maly, and Alexander Westphal. Thank you very much. Jan Louis vii Contents 1 Introduction ................................................ 1 2 The Expanding Universe ..................................... 5 2.1 The Observation ......................................... 5 2.2 The Theoretical Description: Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity ............................... 9 3 The Building Blocks of Matter ................................. 13 3.1 The Geiger-Marsden-Rutherford Experiment .................. 13 3.2 The Quantum Theory ..................................... 14 3.3 Particle Accelerators ...................................... 16 3.4 The Standard Model of Particle Physics ...................... 17 4 The Big Bang Theory: The Standard Model of Cosmology ......... 23 4.1 The Formation of Hydrogen and Helium ...................... 24 4.2 The Cosmic Background Radiation .......................... 24 4.3 Dark Matter ............................................ 26 4.4 The Formation of Stars and Galaxies ......................... 27 4.5 Black Holes ............................................ 27 4.6 Gravitational Waves ...................................... 28 5 String Theory ............................................... 31 5.1 The Necessity of a Quantum Gravity ......................... 31 5.2 The Basic Idea of String Theory ............................ 32 5.3 Open Questions of String Theory ............................ 34 5.4 Additional Spatial Dimensions ............................. 38 5.5 String Theory and Mathematics ............................. 40 ix x Contents 5.6 Unification: Extensions of the Standard Model ................. 41 5.7 String Theory and Dark Energy ............................. 42 6 The Very Early Universe from the Big Bang to 10 10 seconds ....... 43 − 6.1 Post-Planck Era and Inflation ............................... 43 6.2 With String Theory to the Big Bang: The Planck Era ............ 45 7 Summary and Outlook ....................................... 49 Further Reading ............................................... 53 1 Introduction People have always tried to understand what can be seen in the sky. This has led to the development of astronomy—the science of the universe and the celestial bodies within it. Human curiosity paired with the fascination of the overwhelm- ing sight of the night sky founded and fueled this branch of science. A widely assumed connection to religious and cultural aspects added to the interest. And then, of course, there were more practical motivations, such as safe navigation on the high seas, which made astronomy socially and politically necessary. At first, people observed the universe with only their eyes, then later aids such as the telescope were invented, and today large telescopes are used on high moun- tains in remote corners of the earth. Moreover, not only visible light but any radi- ation that reaches us from space is studied. Almost routinely, telescopes are now sent into space to record and analyze the radiation received without the perturba- tion of the Earth’s atmosphere. This has resulted in an impressive knowledge of the universe. What exactly do we see? With the naked eye we can see stars, planets and, in isolated places on Earth, the Milky Way. It is a so-called spiral galaxy, compa- rable to the galaxy shown in Fig. 1.1. Indeed, observation of the universe with telescopes reveals that almost all stars are organized into galaxies, and galaxies in turn are part of clusters of galaxies. However, stars, galaxies and galaxy clus- ters are not evenly distributed in the universe, but are arranged in a large-scale structure. The observation of the universe has always been closely linked to the question of the “where from” and “where to” of mankind. Can we understand how the uni- verse came into being and why it looks the way it does today? Can we explain, for example, the large-scale structure of the universe or the formation of stars or © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2021 1 J. Louis, With String Theory to the Big Bang, essentials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35850-1_1

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