Wireless Technologies for the Internet of Things: a Guide to the Lower Layers

198 Pages·2018·9.29 MB·English

by  Chew, Daniel, McKeever, Ken, Mennecke, Ryan

Published by Standards Information Network IEEE Press
THE WIRELESS
INTERNET
OF THINGS
A GUIDE TO THE LOWER LAYERS
DANIEL CHEW

TheWirelessInternetofThings
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The Wireless Internet of Things
AGuidetotheLowerLayers
DanielChew
Publishedby
StandardsInformationNetwork
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Disclaimer:
ThisbookfocusesonopenstandardsforthewirelessInternetofThings.Thisbookonlydiscusses
Bluetooth,ZigBee,Thread,Z-Wave,andWi-Fiinanominativesenseastheyrelatetothoseopen
standards.NeitherthisbooknortheauthorisaffiliatedwithanyIoTindustrygroups.
Zigbee®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheZigbeeAlliance.
Bluetooth®isaregisteredtrademarkofBluetoothSIG,Inc.
Wi-Fi®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWi-FiAlliance.
Thread®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheThreadGroup,Inc.
Z-Wave®isaregisteredtrademarkofSigmaDesigns.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
ISBN:9781119260578
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:iStock.com/monsitj
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
AbouttheAuthor xi
 Introduction 1
1.1 WhatistheInternetofThings? 1
1.2 WhatistheWirelessInternetofThings? 4
1.3 WirelessNetworks 5
1.4 WhatistheRoleofWirelessStandardsintheInternetofThings? 10
1.5 ProtocolStacks 10
1.6 IntroductiontotheProtocolsfortheWirelessInternetofThings 16
1.7 TheApproachofthisBook 17
References 18
 ProtocolsoftheWirelessInternetofThings 21
2.1 Bluetooth 22
2.2 ITUG.9959 29
2.3 Z-Wave 32
2.4 IEEE802.15.4 33
2.5 TheZigBeeSpecification 38
2.6 Thread 40
2.7 Wi-Fi 41
References 44
 RadioLayer 47
3.1 TheWirelessSystem 47
3.2 BasicTransceiverModel 48
3.3 TheBasicsofChannels 67
3.4 BitandSymbolErrorRate 74
3.5 ComplexChannels 76
References 81
vi Contents
 ModemLayer 83
4.1 TheSignalModel 84
4.2 PulseShaping 90
4.3 ModulationTechniques 95
4.4 Synchronization 120
4.5 SpreadSpectrum 132
References 137
 MACLayer 139
5.1 BandsandSpectrumPlanning 140
5.2 SpectrumAccessfortheWirelessIoT 144
5.3 MultipleAccessTechniques 145
5.4 SpreadSpectrumasMultipleAccess 153
5.5 ErrorDetectionandCorrection 154
5.6 EnergyEfficiency 167
References 170
 Conclusion 173
6.1 SelectingtheRightStandard 173
6.2 HigherLayerStandardizationandtheFutureofIoT 175
Index 177
vii
Preface
WhilethecurrentstateoftheIoTmarketisfragmentedacrossmanufacturers
andproductlines,thefutureofIoTliesininteroperability.Thisinteroperability
willbeenabledandcommunicatedthrougheasyaccesstotechnologystandards
developedbytheIEEEandothers.
Thisbookprovidesanoverviewofseveralwirelessstandardsforconnectivity
intheInternetofThings(IoT)andthenaddressesrelevantwirelesscommuni-
cations theory to help elucidate those standards. The book details the lower
layersofaprotocolstackindescribingthewirelessIoTfromthebottom-up.In
doingso,thebookdecomposestheissuestobeaddressedintosmallersubsets.
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of the wireless internet of things, detail-
ingbackgroundinformationandgivingafewexamplesofapplications.Those
applicationsdrivetherequirementsforthewirelesslinksthatenablethewire-
less IoT. The book then introduces the concept of protocol stacks, such that
thewirelesslinkscanbedecomposedintolayerswithspecificresponsibilities.
The book gives several examples of protocol stacks and the slight differences
infunctionaldecompositionacrosslayers.Thefactthatthelowerlayers,phys-
icalandmediaaccess,aregenerallycoveredbyindependentstandardsbodies
isaddressed.Thisbookthensetsitsscopeonthoselowerlayersusedforlink
establishment, channel access, error detection, and modulation. This is done
byfollowingaunifiedlowerlayermodelwiththreelayers,radio,Modem,and
MediaAccessControl.
Chapter2outlinesphysicalandmediaaccesslayersforseveralpopularopen
wirelessstandardsusedbyIoTapplications.Thisbookfocusesonopenstan-
dardsdefinedbyindependentstandardsbodies.SeveralpopularwirelessIoT
protocolsarereferencedinanominativesenseinordertolinktheopenstan-
dardstoapplicationswithwhichthereadermaybemorefamiliar.Thosepop-
ularprotocolsareBluetooth(formerlyIEEE802.15.1),IEEE802.15.4,andITU
G.9959.Thisbookfocusesonlow-powerwirelesslinksfortheIoT;however,this
chapteralsobrieflydiscussesWi-FiasWi-FiisimportanttomanyIoTapplica-
tions.Wi-FiappearsagaininlaterchaptersasWi-Fiinteractswiththestandards
identified.Thischaptercanbeusedasaquickreferenceguideforthevarious
viii Preface
protocols. This chapter also introduces concepts that will be explored in the
laterchapters,andinformsthereaderastowhereinthebookmoreinforma-
tiononthattopiccanbefound.
Chapter3isdedicatedtotheaforementionedRadiolayer.Radiofront-ends
are explored in this chapter. There is a slant toward software-defined radio
implementationsofIoTprotocols,butmultipleradiohardwaretopologiesare
explored. This chapter reviews the concept of link budgets and goes through
examples.Thischapteralsoaddressescomplexchannelmodelsemployingboth
largeandsmall-scalefading.
Chapter4focusesontheMODEM.Thischaptercoverstheconceptsofthe
complex-envelopesignalmodel,modulation,demodulation,synchronization,
andspreadspectrum.Linearandangularmodulationschemesasusedinthe
identified open standards are explored, both in terms of background theory
and also as to why a particular standard would choose a particular modula-
tionscheme.Synchronizationtechniquesforcarrierandsymbolrecoveryare
discussed.Thechapterendswithadiscussiononthevariousspreadspectrum
techniquesemployedinthephysicallayersofthewirelessIoT.
Chapter5describestheMediaAccessControllayer.Channelaccessschemes
commonlyemployedbythewirelessIoTstandards,suchasCSMA,aredetailed.
ThechapterdescribesthedifferentbandsusedbythewirelessIoTstandards.In
particular,the2.4GHzIndustrial,Scientific,andMedicalband,andtheconges-
tiontherein,isdetailed.Thechapterdescribesvariousinterferenceandinter-
ferencemitigationtechniquesemployedinwirelessIoTstandards.Thechapter
concludeswithadiscussiononerrorcorrectionanddetection.
Arecurringthemeinthisbookhasbeenthatnoonebookcancoverallof
wirelesssystemdesign.Therearemanybooksrelevanttothiscourseofstudy,
ontopicsrangingfromantennadesigntosymbolsynchronization.Thisbook
providesbackgroundmaterialinrelevanttheory,analysisofdesignchoices,and
numerous citations to aid the reader interested in learning more on a given
subject.Eachofthechaptersinthisbookprovidesalistofreferencessuchthat
theinterestedreadercanresearchthetopicinmoredetailthancanbecovered
inthislimitedscope.
It is the hope of the author that this book is useful to a variety of readers.
DevelopersofplatformsandapplicationsofIoTwillbenefitfromthisbookthat
provides a practical survey of standards relevant to the lightweight and low-
costneedsofIoTplatforms.Thisbookwillbeusefulforavarietyofengineers
involvedinDigitalSignalProcessing(DSP),networkimplementation,andwire-
lesscommunication,butcouldalsobeusefultotheentrepreneurorhobbyist
lookingtounderstandthetechnologyanddevelopthenextbigThing.
DanielChew