Wireless Sensor Networks and Ecological Monitoring PDF
Preview Wireless Sensor Networks and Ecological Monitoring
Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 3 SeriesEditor SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT) MasseyUniversity(Turitea) PalmerstonNorth NewZealand E-mail:[email protected] Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10617 Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay and Joe-Air Jiang (Eds.) Wireless Sensor Networks and Ecological Monitoring ABC Editors SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay Joe-AirJiang SchoolofEngineeringandAdvanced Bio-industrialMechatronicsEngineering Technology(SEAT) NationalTaiwanUniversity MasseyUniversity(ManawatuCampus) Taipei PalmerstonNorth Taiwan NewZealand ISSN2194-8402 e-ISSN2194-8410 ISBN978-3-642-36364-1 e-ISBN978-3-642-36365-8 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-36365-8 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013930425 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad- casting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorage andretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknown orhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviews orscholarly analysis ormaterial suppliedspecifically forthepurposeofbeingentered andexecuted ona computersystem,forexclusive usebythepurchaser ofthework.Duplication ofthis publication orparts thereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscur- rentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtained fromSpringer. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Editorial ThisMonographtitled “WirelessSensorNetworksandEcologicalMonitoring”inthe bookseriesof“SmartSensors,MeasurementandInstrumentation”containstheinvited papersfromrenownedexpertsworkinginthefield.Atotalof11chaptershavedescribed theadvancementintheareaofsensors,wirelesssensornetworksandecologicalmon- itoring. The book presents not only the state of the art technologies and solutions to tackle the critical challengesfaced by the building and developmentof the WSN and ecologicalmonitoringsystembutalsopotentialimpactonsocietyatsocial,medicaland technologicallevel. In the first chapter E. Jafer has discussed different innovation circuits and sys- tem techniques for building advanced smart devices that can be used for different multi-sensorsmonitoringapplications.Lowpowerconsumptionandhighreliabilityare among the main criteria that must be given priority when designing such wirelessly poweredMicrosystems. Yueh-MinHuangandYing-XunLaiinthenextchapterhaveproposedadistributed energymanagementsystemimplementedwithinfamilyheterogeneousnetworkarchi- tecture. Through the communication and coordination of things in IoT (Internet of Things), the system automatically search nodes with comparatively low computing loadwithinthemicro-processorsinneighboringappliances,andimplementsdistributed computingbyusingmultiplenodesandtherecognitionalgorithm. InthethirdchapterM.T.KeandC. Y.Leehavereviewedthevariousstate-of-the- artMEMS-basedweathersensors.Thechapterthendescribedtheintegrationofthese sensorstoformawirelessMEMS-basedweatherstationcapableofmeasuringallofthe weatherparametersofinterest. In the fourth chapter, sensor and available wireless network technologies and sev- eralexamplesoffieldnetworksfromTaiwanandVirginia(USA)havebeenbriefedby J.H. Porter and C.C. Li. The examplesinclude networkswhich monitor meteorologi- calvariables,lakephysicalandchemicalcharacteristics,waterlevels,butterflyhabitat, and forest dynamics, including sound and images. The advantages of hybrid sensor networksandareaswhereadditionalimprovementsneededhavebeenpresented. In the next chapter, Quincy Wu and Hui-Hsiung Chung have demonstrated a management system to utilize SNMP and SIP as a common mechanism to support VI Editorial SmartGrid management.Both protocolswere implementedon a real embeddedplat- form,andtheperformanceisfurtherevaluatedandcompared.Theexperimentalresults showedthattheSIPprotocolstackoccupiesmorememoryspace,butitsresponsetime isshorter.Inchoosingwhichmanagementprotocoltoadopt,devicemanufacturerscan makethetechnicalchoicesaccordingtowhethertheyneedtosavethe memoryspace ortheresponsetime. C. Knightet.al., in the nextchapterhave describedsome simple MFC devicesand determinestheirpracticalityforpoweringlargescalesensornetworks.Thediscussion includesbasicdesignelements,powerdensity,prototypingmethodsandpoweroutput determination.IthasbeenrevealedthatpresentMFCtechnologiessufferfromverylow specificpoweroutput,shortlifetimeandlowefficiencies.Thesefactorsmakecurrent devicesoflittle practicaluse,however,therehasbeena dramaticincreaseinresearch intoMFC’sleadingtoagreaterunderstandingofthefundamentalsciencebehindtheir operation. Inthenextchapter,B.Stephen,C.MichieandI.Andonovic,havereportedaWireless sensornetworksbasedplatformwithvariousmonitoringdevicestoconveyandprocess measurements pertaining to behavior and physiology of livestock. A wireless sensor attached to livestock must not only have lengthy battery life, thus minimizing costly maintenance, it may also have to transmit data over long ranges. In this chapter, the connectivity of a wireless sensor network formed from a herd of free-ranging cows wearingcollarmountedsensorsismodeledusingsetsofGPSfixesgatheredfromon- animaltelemetry,thusremovingtheneedtosimulateplacement. The design of a wireless sensor network for the Structural Health Monitoring of bridgeshasbeenpresentedbyM.Reyer,S.Hurlebaus,J.Mander,O.E.Ozbulutinthe followingchapter.Thenetworkisbasedonusingcommerciallyavailablewirelesssen- sorstomeasureandextractthevibrationcharacteristicsofabridge.Duetothedistances associatedwithlargesystemstrade-offsarenecessaryinthestandardnetworkdesign. One key feature of the present system proposed is the need of multi-hop of partially processeddatatothebasestation. Inthenextchapter“ASensingApproachtoFruit-Growing”byTakaharuKameoka and Atsushi Hashimoto has experimental demonstration using wireless sensor net- work in a mandarin orange orchard and in a vineyard to promote smart cultivation management. G.R.MendezandS.C.MukhopadhyayhavepresentedAWi-FibasedSmartWire- less Sensor Network for an Agricultural Environment in their chapter.The system is capableof intelligentlymonitoringagriculturalconditionsin a pre-programmedman- ner.Thesystemconsistsofthreestations:SensorNode,Router,andServer.Thesystem isdesignedformonitoringoftheclimateconditioninanagriculturalenvironmentsuch asfieldorgreenhouse,thesensorstationisequippedwithseveralsensorelementssuch as Temperature,humidity,light, air pressure,soil moistureand water level.The com- munication between the sensor node and the server is achieved via 802.11g wireless modules. C.-P. Chen, M.-S. Liao, and J.-A. Jiang in the last chapter have presenteda WSN- basedecologicalmonitoringsystemanddeployedinafieldtomonitorthenumberofthe orientalfruitfly(Bactroceradorsalis(Hendel))andcapturelong-termandup-to-minute Editorial VII naturalenvironmentalfluctuations.Moreover,anadaptiveclassificationapproach,built uponself-organizingmapsandsupportvectormachines,isincorporatedintothemon- itoring system to automatically identify special events of pest outbreaks and sensor faults. Once the events are detected, farmers and government officials can take pre- cautionary action in time before pest outbreaks cause an extensive loss or schedule maintenancetasks to repairmonitoringdevices.Theproposedclassification approach iseasilyadoptedindifferentmonitoredfarms,anditcanautomaticallyidentifyspecial eventsbasedonmachinelearningtechniqueswithoutrequiringadditionalmanpower. This bookis written forresearchersand graduatestudentsthatworkin the field of Sensors,WSNandEcologicalMonitoringandalsoforindustryprofessionalsinvolved inthoseareas. Wewouldliketoexpressourappreciationtoourdistinguishedauthorsofthechapters whoseexpertiseandprofessionalismhascertainlycontributedsignificantlytothisbook. We do sincerely hope that the readers will find this book interesting and useful in theirresearchaswellasinpracticalengineeringworkintheareaofSensors,Wireless SensorNetworkandEcologicalMonitoring. SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT) MasseyUniversity(ManawatuCampus) PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand [email protected] Joe-AirJiang Bio-industrialMechatronicsEngineering NationalTaiwanUniversity Taipei,Taiwan [email protected] VIII Editorial Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University,Calcutta, Indiain 1987with a Gold medal and received the Master of Electrical Engineeringde- gree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, In- dia in 1989. He obtained the PhD (Eng.)degree from Jadavpur University, India in 1994 and Doctor of En- gineering degree from Kanazawa University, Japan in 2000. Currently, He is working as a Professor of Sens- ing Technology with the School of Engineering and AdvancedTechnology,MasseyUniversity,Palmerston North, New Zealand. His fields of interest include SmartSensorsandSensingTechnology,WirelessSensorsNetwork,Electromagnetics, control,electricalmachinesandnumericalfieldcalculationetc. Hehasauthored/co-authoredover270papersindifferentinternationaljournalsand conferences,editednineconferenceproceedings.Hehasalsoeditedtenspecialissues ofinternationaljournalsandtwelvebookswithSpringer-Verlagasguesteditor. He is a Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of IET (UK), an associate editor of IEEE Sen- sorsjournalandIEEETransactionsonInstrumentationandMeasurements.Heisalsoa TechnicalEditorofIEEETransactionsonMechatronics.HeisaDistinguishedLecturer of IEEE Sensors council. He is in the editorial board of many international journals. He hasorganizedmanyinternationalconferenceseither a GeneralChair or Technical programmechair. Prof.Joe-AirJiangreceivedtheM.S.andPh.D.degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan Univer- sity, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1990 and 1999, respectively. From 1990 to 2001, he was with the Kuang-Wu Insti- tute of Technology,Taipei, Taiwan. Currently, he is the director of the Education and Research Center for Bio- IndustrialAutomation and a Professor of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering at National Taiwan Univer- sity in Taiwan. He was the recipient of the following awards:theBestPaperAward(entitledJanTen-YouPa- per Award) from the Chinese Institute of Engineers in 2002;theBestYoungResearcherAwardfromthePower Engineering Division of NSC in 2002; the Prize Paper Award from IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition in 2002;theNTUExcellentTeachingAwardin2004;theBestPaperAwardfromJournal ofFormosanEntomologypublishedbyTaiwanEntomologicalSocietyin2007;theBest PaperAwardfromtheInternationalSeminaronAgriculturalStructureandAgricultural Engineering in 2007 (IS-ASAE 2007); the Best Paper Award from the Workshop on ConsumerElectronicsin2008(WCE2008);theAnnualBestPaperAwardfromTaiwan SocietyofNavalArchitectsandMarineEngineersin2010;theAcademicAchievement Award from Chinese Institute of AgriculturalMachinery in 2010;and the Best Paper Editorial IX AwardfromChineseInstituteofAgriculturalMachineryin2012.Currently,Dr.Jiang is the principalinvestigatorof severallarge-scaleintegrativeresearch projectsfunded bytheNationalScienceCouncilandtheCouncilofAgricultureoftheExecutiveYuan, Taiwan.Hisspecialtiesinpowertransmissionsystemsarecomputerrelaying,solargen- erationsystems,faultdetection,faultclassification,faultlocation,powerqualityevent analysis,andsmartgridsystems.Inaddition,Dr.Jianghasdiverseresearchinterestsin- cludingwirelesssensornetworktechnology,bio-mechatronics,neuro-engineering,bio- effectsofelectromagneticwave,automaticsystemsforagroecologicalmonitoringusing WSNtechnology,andlow-levellasertherapy.Dr.JiangisamemberofIEEE. Contents DesignMethodologiesofWirelessSensors InstrumentationSystems forMonitoringandControl......................................... 1 EssaJafer DistributedEnergyManagementSystemwithinResidentialSensor-Based HeterogeneousNetworkStructure ................................... 35 Yueh-MinHuang,Ying-XunLai Use of MEMS Technology in Realizing Single-Parameter and Multi-parameterSensingSystems.................................... 61 M.T.Ke,Chia-YenLee HybridNetworksandEcologicalSensing.............................. 99 JohnH.Porter,ChauChinLin ManagementProtocolsforSensorsinSmartGridNetworks ............. 125 QuincyWu,Hui-HsiungChung Application of Microbial Fuel Cells to Power Sensor Networks forEcologicalMonitoring .......................................... 151 Chris Knight, Kate Cavanagh, Christopher Munnings, Tim Moore, KaYuCheng,AnnaH.Kaksonen RemoteSensinginAgriculturalLivestockWelfareMonitoring:Practical Considerations.................................................... 179 BruceStephen,C.Michie,I.Andonovic DesignofaWirelessSensorNetworkforStructuralHealthMonitoring ofBridges........................................................ 195 M.Reyer,S.Hurlebaus,JohnMander,OsmanE.Ozbulut ASensingApproachtoFruit-Growing................................ 217 TakaharuKameoka,AtsushiHashimoto XII Contents A Wi-FiBasedSmart WirelessSensor Networkforan Agricultural Environment ..................................................... 247 GerardRudolphMendez,SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay AdaptiveClassificationofSpecialEventsinAgroecologicalMonitoring SystemsforPestManagement....................................... 269 Chia-PangChen,Min-ShengLiao,Joe-AirJiang AuthorIndex ........................................................ 297
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