Wireless Public Safety Networks 2. A Systematic Approach PDF
Preview Wireless Public Safety Networks 2. A Systematic Approach
Wireless Public Safety Networks 2 Series Editor Pierre-Noël Favennec Wireless Public Safety Networks 2 A Systematic Approach Edited by Daniel Câmara Navid Nikaein First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Press Ltd Elsevier Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road The Boulevard, Langford Lane London SW19 4EU Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB UK UK www.iste.co.uk www.elsevier.com Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ © ISTE Press Ltd 2016 The rights of Daniel Câmara and Navid Nikaein to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-1-78548-052-2 Preface Book overview The aim of this second book of the Public Safety Networks (PSNs) series is to provide a system level view of some fundamental problems linked to the PSNs field. This book focuses mainly on those specific enabling technologies that can help the most in the deployment and usage of PSNs on real world scenarios. xiv Wireless Public Safety Networks 2 The first chapter, Internet of Things in Support of Public Safety Networks: Opportunities and Challenges, is twofold. First, it makes a brief overview of the requirements and application scenarios for public safety networks, then it introduces the Internet of Things (IoT) or Internet of Everything (IoE) paradigm and discusses the role it may play in the PSNs field. Chapter 2 discusses the use of social networks in emergency management and the new possibilities social media may bring to the PSNs field. The use of social media in emergency management is already a reality, but its impact is still modest, compared to what it could be. Social media may permit, for instance, the full-scale use of crowdsourcing techniques to help in emergency management. For example, in the advent of a catastrophe, volunteers all around the world could help authorities in the search for life indices over satellite photos, without leaving their homes. Chapter 3, Wearable Wireless Sensor Networks (W-WSN) for Emergency Response in Public Safety Networks, presents the new advances on W-WSN for PSNs. Sensors attached to the clothes of rescuers could, for example, constantly capture information, and participate in communication to help rescuers on their tasks. These W-WSNs could be an invaluable help to the main PSNs in the sense that they could help to extend these networks and help with data gathering and the dissemination of such information. Chapter 4 elaborates on the need to support mobile backhauling in moving-cell scenarios and describes two LTE-based solutions to enable dynamic meshing among the base stations. The first refers to a user-centric network-assisted solution, where the user’s equipment is assigned with enhanced capabilities for associating to multiple base stations, thus interconnecting adjacent base stations. The second concerns a network-centric solution, where the base station stack is extended with several terminal stacks, allowing it to discover and connect to neighboring base stations and create a wireless mesh network. Chapter 5 highlights the issues and limitations of the current mobility management protocols, and presents different mobility management alternatives for the future PSN in the context of 5G networks. This chapter also proposes a general framework that has the capability to fulfill the public safety requirements and dynamically adapt to different public safety situations. Chapter 6 discusses the problem of access for Public Safety Broadband Networks using a two-fold structure. Lightweight base stations can be used to solve regular traffic, and more robust and faster base stations are punctually deployed to attend the needs of disaster scenarios. Preface xv Chapter 7 investigates the problem of data dissemination over PSNs, making a review of the state of the art in different information and communication technologies. The chapter provides a critical view of different methods in the light of the field of PSNs. Chapter 8 talks about the multicast dissemination of warning messages to a large population at risk. The chapter provides a clear view of the actors involved and the architectural blocks required to implement a large-scale and consistent broadcast warning system. Chapter 9 investigates eMBMS (a.k.a., LTE Broadcast) which is a crucial technology for the Group Communication and the Mission Critical Push to Talk – two essential applications for public safety and mission critical communications thanks to their effective way of delivering the same content to a large group of users. Chapter 10 focuses on the best possible usage of one of the most precious resources of any wireless network, the frequency spectrum. Frequencies are a scarce resource and it is becoming more and more difficult to justify their permanent allocation for sparse events, even if these are extremely important. One of the possible solutions is the use of cognitive radio techniques to share the available spectrum with the greatest number of different actors. Even though a PSN has, in general, humanitarian purposes, it carries highly sensitive information and security and privacy issues cannot be neglected. Chapter 11 examines the challenges linked to security and privacy for PSNs as well as different techniques that may be put in place. Daniel CÂMARA Central Service of Criminal Intelligence French National Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France Navid NIKAEIN Mobile Communications Department EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France March 2016 1 Internet of Things in Support of Public Safety Networks: Opportunities and Challenges ChapterwrittenbyIkbalCHAMMAKHIMSADAAandAmineDHRAIEF. 2 WirelessPublicSafetyNetworks2 1.1. Introduction Today, we are witnessing the dawn of the era of Internet of Things (IoT) where trillions of physical objects are expected to come online and communicate. Cisco goes even further by introducing the concept of Internet of Everything (IoE), which refers to people-to-people, machine-to-people and machine-to-machine communications[CIS14]. Information and communications technology (ICT) is increasingly becoming a keycomponentforemergencyresponderstoperformtheirduties.Publicsafety(PS) organizationsneedICTnotonlyintheirday-to-dayoperationsorforsecuringpublic events (sport, cultural or political conventions, etc.) but also to deal with unplanned eventssuchasnaturaldisasters,actsofterrorismorenvironmentalincidents.Sensors tracking hazardous materials (HAZMAT) leaks, detecting fire or generating gunshot alerts would help responders to better identify incidents and decide more efficiently which critical actions to undertake. Furthermore, in a crisis situation, public safety networks (PSNs) are expected to help the spreading of the information flow among first aid responders working under different jurisdictions. In this context, digitizing the physical world through IoT will offer a great potential for PS organizations to gain a real-time and shared awareness of the crisis situation in spite of the serious communication disruption caused by an infrastructure that is usually damaged or totallydestroyed.PSagencieswillrelymoreandmoreonthebring-your-own-device concept: firstaidresponderswillonlyhavetoinstallspecificappsontheirdevicesto be used in the incident area. A common PS organization IoT platform wouldensure that during a crisis incident, cross-jurisdictional coordination, communication and collaboration between several entities (police, firefighters, military officers, medical service professionals, volunteer groups, etc). Scattered IoT devices (cams, sensors, actuators,etc.)canplayasignificantroleevenafterdisasters.Indeed,theycouldhelp first aid responders to track incident impacts, victim localization and even monitor their wellness because of wearable or ingestible incorportating sensors. The huge amount of data generated by the different IoT devices can be further analyzed to detect criminality patterns or environmental change behaviors; thus helping PS organizationstoanticipatecrisisandensureabetterdisasterpreparedness. Today, IoT is becoming more and more a reality: Gartner Inc. forecasts 6.4billionconnectedthingstobeinuseworldwidein2016,andupto20.8billionby 20201. The use of the IoT/IoE paradigms in the field of PS is also supported by the telecommunications industry as it is expected to be a promising revenue-generating service. According to Cisco, this market added to other services in the public sector would generate 4.6 trillion USD of net profit globally in the next decade [BRA 13]. Therefore, governement leaders and PS organizations should start exploring the full potentialthatIoTcouldoffertoPS. 1http://www.gartner.com/. InternetofThingsinSupportofPublicSafetyNetworks:OpportunitiesandChallenges 3 The major issue addressed in this chapter is how to take advantage of this increased global connectedness to be offered by IoT, to save lives and environment by helping PS organizations to face threats and manage crisis efficiently. Before exploring these capabilities, we first study in section 1.2 the requirements of PSNs throughtheidentificationoftypicaldisasterscenarios.Understandingthecomplexity ofPSNscenarioshelptobetterevaluatetherealpotentialthatcouldbecapturedfrom theIoT. Based on these requirements, and after introducing in section 1.3 the IoT paradigm, we highlight in section 1.4 how the IoT could help face these challenges and improve responder communication capabilities. After a natural or a man-made disaster, both cellular and land-line network capabilities will be severely degraded. Meanwhile, several objects equipped with network interfaces bound to different accesstechnologieswillbeavailabletothedisasterarea.Animmediateandanatural interactionbetweenPSNandIoTwouldbetobuildanoverlaynetworkonthetopof the existing IoT devices to help with sharing information and collaboration between first-aidresponders.However, suchaninteractionbetweenIoTandPSNneedstobe furtheranalyzed.Hence,insection1.5,wediscusstherisksandchallengesraisedby suchaunifiedPSN/IoTplatform. 1.2. RequirementsofPSNs IdentifyingtheneedsofPSNsisacrucialsteptoassistgovernmentalauthorities, legislative bodies and the communication industry to have a better understanding of the challenges in order to prioritize their efforts and develop a strategic and broader vision for PSNs. Therefore, before exploring the potential and limitaions of the IoT solutionstosupportthePScommunity,itisimportanttopointoutthroughthissection the requirements and challenges faced by PS organizations and officials to perform theirdutiesandactefficiently. In order to identify those requirements, most of the papers and projects[BAL14,POR08,MES03,HOM06,HOM08]interestedinPSNsstartby identifying the typical operational scenarios that could be encountred in the context ofPSNs. 1.2.1. OperationalPSNscenarios As depicted in Figure 1.1, to identify the operational scenarios, Baldini et al. [BAL14]enumeratedthedifferentfunctionsthatneedtobeensuredinthecontextof PSNs: law enforcement, emergency medical and heath services (EMHS or EMS), firefighting, etc. Then, the authors identify the typical operational domains in which PSpersonnelwouldoperateandhighlightthemaincharacteristicofeachdomain: an 4 WirelessPublicSafetyNetworks2 urban environement, for example, with a high density of people and buildings, is different,fromanoperationalperspective,fromaruralenvironmentwhereitismore likely to find natural obstacles such as mountains and hills that would not facilitate the mission of PS responders. Based on the identified operational functions and domains,theauthorsin[BAL14]discussfive“representative”scenarios(e.g.alarge natural disaster in a rural area). In each scenario, Baldini et al. point out the communicationschallengesraisedbythecharacteristicsoftheassociatedoperational domain and the possible interactions between the PS organizations involved in each scenario. Figure1.1. PSNoperationalfunctionsandscenarios[BAL14] To identify the main operational scenario, the MESA project2 introduces the conceptofascenarioclass[MES03]. The project aims at supporting the public protection and disaster relief community by developing the technical specifications of the broadband wireless applications to be used in this context. The technical development process of the MESA project attaches great importance to the systems engineering step. It avoids focusing on scenario-specific solutions and tries to identify common technical requirementsacrossdifferentPSscenariosinstead.Inthiscontext,theMESAproject introduces the concept of a scenario class, which is defined based on a combination of three criteria (as shown in Figure 1.2): (1) environment (indoor, urban, rural), 2Thisproject, originallyknownasPublicSafetyPartnershipProject(PSPP),isajointwork thatstartedinMay2000betweentheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI) andtheTelecommunicationsIndustryAssociation(TIA).
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