Wireless Power Transfer, 2nd Edition.

767 Pages·2015·17.925 MB·English

by  Agbinya, Johnson I.

River Publishers Series in Communications
Wireless Power Transfer
2nd edition
Johnson I. Agbinya
Wireless Power Transfer
2nd Edition
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS
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Wireless Power Transfer
2nd Edition
Johnson I.Agbinya
MelbourneInstituteofTechnology,
Australia
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Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgment xxvii
ListofContributors xxix
ListofFigures xxxi
ListofTables lv
ListofAbbreviations lvii
1 PowerTransferbyMagneticInductionUsing
Coupled-ModeTheory 1
MihaiIordache,LuciaDumitriuandDragosNiculae
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Series–SeriesResonatorsInductivelyCoupled . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 AnalysisbytheCircuitTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 AnalysisbytheCoupled-ModeTheory . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 TransferPowerComputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.4 Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 MutualInductanceComputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 EfficiencyoftheActivePowerTransffer . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.1 ScatteringParametersS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.2 EfficiencyComputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5 SomeProceduresforOptimalWirelessEnergy
TransferSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.5.1 Indroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.5.2 OptimalParameterComputingPerformance
OptimizationofMagneticCoupledResonators . . . 37
1.5.3 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
v
vi Contents
1.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.8 SolutionstoProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2 EfficientWirelessPowerTransferbasedonStronglyCoupled
MagneticResonance 73
FeiZhangandMinguiSun
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.2 InteractioninLosslessPhysicalSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.3 InteractioninRealTwo-ResonatorPhysicalSystem . . . . . 77
2.3.1 FullyResonantCase . . . .√. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.3.1.1 Strongcouplingk√/ ΓSΓD >>1 . . . . . 78
2.3.1.2 W√eakcouplingk/ ΓSΓD≈1or
k/ Γ Γ <1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
S D
2.3.2 GeneralNon-ResonantCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.4 RelayEffectofWirelessPowerTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.4.1 RelayEffect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.4.2 Time-DomainComparisonbetweenRelayed
andOriginalWitricitySystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.5 WirelessPowerTransferwithMultipleResonators . . . . . 83
2.5.1 GeneralSolutionforMultipleRelays . . . . . . . . 83
2.5.2 InlineRelay(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.5.2.1 Onerelay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.5.2.2 Tworelays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.5.2.3 Spectralanalysisofenergyexchanges . . 85
2.5.3 Optimizationof2DWPTNScheme . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5.3.1 Case1withtworelays . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5.3.2 Case2withtworelays . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5.3.3 Spectralanalysisofenergyexchanges . . 87
2.6 PrototypeofWirelessPowerTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.6.1 CylindricalResonatorDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.6.2 ImplementationofCylindricalResonator . . . . . . 91
2.6.3 EvaluationofCylindricalResonator . . . . . . . . . 93
2.6.4 ApplicationofCylindricalResonator . . . . . . . . 95
2.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Contents vii
3 LowPowerRectennaSystemsforWirelessEnergyTransfer 105
VladMarian,ChristianVollaire,JacquesVerdierandBrunoAllard
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.1 HistoryofWirelessPowerTransfer . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.2 WirelessPowerTransferTechniques . . . . . . . . . 108
3.1.2.1 DC-RFconversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.1.2.2 Electromagneticwavepropagation . . . . 110
3.1.2.3 RF-DCconversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2 LowPowerRectennaTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.2.1 CircuitTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2.1.1 Series-mounteddiode . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.2.1.2 Shunt-mounteddiode . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.2.1.3 Voltage-doublertopology . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2.1.4 Diodebridgetopology . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2.1.5 Transistor-basedrectennas . . . . . . . . . 118
3.2.2 RectennaAssociations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.3 ModelingaRectenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.2.4 ADesigner’sDilemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2.4.1 Outputcharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2.4.2 Antennaimpedanceinfluence . . . . . . . 125
3.3 ReconfigurableElectromagneticEnergyReceiver . . . . . . 130
3.3.1 TypicalApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3.2 RectennaCircuitConfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.3.3 ReconfigurableArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.3.3.1 Antennaswitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.3.3.2 Globalperformance . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.3.3.3 Outputloadmatching . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4 WirelessPowerTransfer:Generation,Transmission,and
DistributionCircuitTheoryofWirelessPowerTransfer 151
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.2 CriteriaforEfficientResonantWirelessPowerTransfer . . . 152
4.2.1 HighPowerFactor(cos θ=1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.2 HighCouplingCoefficient(k ≈1). . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.3 HighQuality(Q >>1)Factors . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.4 MatchingCircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.2.5 FocusingofMagneticField . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
viii Contents
4.3 ResonantWirelessPowerTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.3.1 Higher-OrderWPTSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.4 LooselyCoupledWirelessPowerTransferSystem . . . . . . 159
4.4.1 LowQ andQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
1 2
4.4.2 HighQ andQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
1 2
4.5 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5 InductiveWirelessPowerTransferUsingCircuitTheory 165
KyriakiFotopoulouandBrianFlynn
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.2 AdvantagesofInductiveCouplingforEnergyTransfer . . . 167
5.3 ApplicationsofInductivePowerTransfer . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.4 FundamentalsofInductiveCoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.4.1 InductiveCouplingandTransformerAction . . . . . 174
5.4.2 ResonantCircuitTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.4.3 PowerTransferacrossaPoorlyCoupledLink . . . . 179
5.4.4 Near-andFar-FieldRegions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.4.5 TheImportanceoftheLoopAntenna . . . . . . . . 186
5.4.6 SmallLoopofConstantCurrent . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.4.7 TheLoopinTransmittingMode . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.4.8 TheLoopintheReceivingMode . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.5 MutualInductanceofCoupledCoils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.6 TheLooselyCoupledApproximation . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6 RecentAdvancesonMagneticResonant
WirelessPowerTransfer 217
MarcoDionigi,AlessandraCostanzo,FrancoMastri,
MauroMongiardoandGiuseppinaMonti
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.2 CoupledInductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.2.1 CoupledInductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.2.2 TheSeriesResonantCircuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.2.3 AddingResonatorstotheCoupledInductors . . . . 227
6.2.4 Maximum Efficiency, Maximum Power on the load,
andConjugateMatching:Two-PortCase . . . . . . 230
6.2.5 MaximumEfficiency:N-portCase . . . . . . . . . 233
Contents ix
6.2.6 ScatteringMatrixRepresentationofaWirelessPower
TransferNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6.3 FourCoupledResonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.4 TravellingWaves,PowerWavesandConjugate
ImageImpedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.4.1 TravellingWavesandPowerWaves . . . . . . . . . 242
6.4.2 ConjugateImageImpedances . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
6.5 MeasurementoftheResonatorQualityFactor . . . . . . . . 248
6.6 ExamplesofCoupledResonatorsforWPT . . . . . . . . . . 252
6.7 DesignoftheOscillatorPowering
theResonantLink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.9.1 MATLABfunctionforsingle-loopinductance
computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.9.2 MATLABfunctionfortwocoaxialconductingloops
mutualinductancecomputation . . . . . . . . . . . 265
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7 TechniquesforOptimalWirelessPowerTransferSystems 271
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.2 FluxConentrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.2.1 SplittingofCouplingCoefficients . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.2.2 DoublingofCoilRadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.3 Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
7.3.1 Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
7.3.2 EffectofConcentratorQualityFactor . . . . . . . . 282
7.3.3 EffectofConcentratorRadius . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
7.4 ApproximateMagneto-InductiveArrayCoupling
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.4.1 SystemSpecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.4.2 PowerRelationsinInductiveSystems . . . . . . . . 287
7.4.3 AlgorithmforApproximateTransferFunction . . . . 288
7.4.4 InterpretationofAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
7.4.5 CorrectionTerms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
7.5 WirelessFeedbackModelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
7.5.1 WirelessFeedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
7.5.2 Q-BasedExplanationofWirelessClosed-Loop
TransferFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301