Wireless Phones and Health: Scientific Progress PDF
Preview Wireless Phones and Health: Scientific Progress
WIRELESS PHONES AND HEALTH Scientific Progress WIRELESS PHONES AND HEALTH Scientific Progress Edited by George L. Carlo Wireless Technology Research, L.L.C. Associate Editors Mary Supley Susan E. Hersemann Polly Thibodeau Foreword by George L. Carlo KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 0-306-46899-9 Print ISBN: 0-792-38347-8 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents Foreword G. L. Carlo ix Acknowledgments xi SectionI:DosimetryandMeasurements Editor’s Note 1 Chapter 1 State of the Science Regarding In Vitro and In Vivo Exposure Systems for RF Studies C. K. Chou 3 Chapter 2 Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Exposure Systems L. Martens 23 Chapter 3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Biological Materials: Its Role in Dosimetry C. Gabriel 33 Chapter 4 ComplianceTestingofHandheldMobileCommunications Equipment N. Kuster 47 Chapter 5 State oftheScienceRegardingRFDosimetry,Measurement, and Certification O. P. Gandhi 55 Section II: Biological Responses Indicative of Genetic Effects Editor’s Note 89 Chapter 6 Genotoxicity of Radiofrequency Radiation D. Brusick 91 Chapter 7 Some Considerations on the Genotoxicity of Radiofrequency Radiation L. Verschaeve 99 vi Chapter 8 Studies on Microwave Induction of Genotoxicity: A Laboratory Report M. L. Meltz 105 Chapter 9 Considerations Regarding the Use of In Vitro Transformation and Alkaline Comet Assays to Assess the Carcinogenic Potential of Radiofrequency Radiation J. L. Roti Roti, R. S. Malyapa, and E. W. Ahern 113 Chapter 10 Comments on “ Genotoxicity of Radiofrequency Radiation” S. Wolff 127 Section III: Biological Responses Indicative of Carcinogenic and Other Non-genetic Effects Editor’s Note 133 Chapter 11 Recent Advances in the Biophyiscal Modeling of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Interactions with Living Systems A. E. Chiabrera, B. Bianco, E. Moggia, T. Tomassi, and J. J. Kaufman 135 Chapter 12 Where Does the Energy Go? Microwave Energy Absorption in Biological Objects on the Microscopic and Molecular Scales A. R. Sheppard 165 Chapter 13 Biological Effects and Mechanisms B. Veyret 177 Chapter 14 ElectromagneticFieldsand Carcinogenesis: AnAnalysisof Biological Mechanisms T. S. Tenforde 183 Chapter 15 HumanExposure toRadiofrequency Radiation—PublicHealth Issues A. Sivak 197 Section IV: Epidemiology and Radio Frequency Radiation Research Editor’s Note 203 Chapter 16 State of the Science in RF Epidemiology K. J. Rothman 205 vii Chapter 17 Occupational Health Studies R. W. Morgan 225 Chapter 18 Review and Discussion of State of the Art, Epidemiology J. R. Goldsmith 233 Chapter 19 The Epidemiology of Small Effects E. L. Wynder and J. Muscat 255 Section V: Non-biological Health Risks from Radio Frequency Radiation: Interference with Medical Devices Editor’s Note 267 Chapter 20 State of the Science in Wireless Instrument Medical Equipment Interference K. H. Joyner 269 Chapter 21 Medical Equipment Interference: Risk and Minimization B. Segal 283 Chapter 22 In Vitro and In Vivo Observation of Digital and Analog Cellular Phone Interference with Cardiac Pacemakers V. Barbaro, P. Bartolini, A. Donato, and C. Militello 297 Chapter 23 Interference of Cardiac Pacemakers in the Near Fields of Portable Digital Transmitters J. Silny 305 Chapter 24 State of the Science in Wireless Instrument Pacemaker and Defibrillator Interference D. L. Hayes 317 Chapter 25 Unlocking the Secrets of Heart Stopping Phone Calls R. G. Carrillo 337 Appendices State of the Science Colloquium University “La Sapienza” of Rome Rome, Italy 13-15 November 1995 Appendix A Colloquium Agenda 343 viii Appendix B Colloquium Participants 349 Appendix C Colloquium Introduction and Charge to Participants G. L. Carlo 355 Appendix D Rapporteur Summaries and Scientific Discussion D-l Dosimetry/Measurements/Certification M. Embrey and M. Cavagnaro 357 D-2 Epidemiology R. A. Steffens and M. Zago 369 D-3 Interference with Medical Devices G. K. Findlay and A. Donate 385 D-4 Biological Responses: Genetic Effects G. Hook and M. Liberti 399 D-5 Biological Responses: Carcinogenic and Other K. G. Sund and F. Apollonio 403 Appendix E Colloquium Summation G. L. Carlo and S. E. Hersemann 411 Index 415 Foreword Since questions about wireless phones and brain cancer were first raised in early 1993, numerous scientific studies and reviews have been conducted and published throughout the world with support from industry and government. The most comprehensive colloquium to date covering this science was co-sponsored by the International Committee on Wireless Communication Health Research and Wireless Technology Research, LLC, at the University “La Sapienza” of Rome in November 1995. Papers from that colloquium with appropriate updates form the foundation for the current volume. A follow-up to that colloquium is being planned for the spring of 1999 by the same group and the report of that colloquium will be the basis for Volume II of this series. As the scientific story about wireless phones and health effects continues to unfold over the next several years, it is important to evaluate the work in a context that is beneficial to the enhancement of public health. Two themes are critical to an appropriate contextual understanding of this science. First, no amount of science can ever prove that wireless phones are absolutely safe. While thoughtful and comprehensive batteries of in vitro and in vivo animal experiments can be predictive of both harm in humans and relative safety, and epidemiological studies can indicate what has happened in the human experience, assurance of the definite absence of harm is unattainable. For this reason, all the scientific work addressing wireless technology health questions that has been completed—much of it presented in this volume—or that which is underway (to be presented in futurevolumes), must necessarily be viewed in the context of post-market surveillance. Post-market surveillance is a search for problems following from the use of wireless technology so that interventions to solve those problems can be implemented. Timely intervention minimizes the adverse impact on the public of identified risks. Second, wireless technology is perhaps the most rapidly evolving technology in our history. As such, it is nearly impossible to keep ahead of the technology evolution with our current tools of health risk evaluation and intervention. Within the two to three years it takes to complete a whole-life animal experiment or an epidemiological study, turnover in technology would have occurred to some degree. From a practical perspective, this suggests that scientific findings of today are variably relevant to today’s technology and variably efficient at predicting tomorrow’s risks. This dilemma furtherunderscores the necessity of ongoing post-market surveillance, including both animal experiments and human epidemiology. As you review the science presented in this and subsequent volumes of this scientific progress series, I urge you to think practically about what value each of these scientific findings has with regard to the protection of public health. That, after all, is why this work is being done. G. L. Carlo Acknowledgments The papers included in this volume represent recent scientific progress in the study of potential health effects from wireless communication technology. I would like to thank each of the presenters at the State of the Science Colloquium (Rome, Italy, 1995) for their contribution to both this volume and the scientific database on radio frequency radiation. Additionally, I would like to thank those individuals who chaired the colloquium sessions, as well as all who attended for their participation in this important scientific exchange. The colloquium was co-sponsored by the International Committee on Wireless Communication Health Research, specifically Dr. Jorgen Bach Andersen, Dr. Paolo Bernardi, Dr. Guglielmo D’Inzeo, Gerd E. Friedrich, Dr. Zlatko Koren (deceased), Dr. Alastair F. McKinlay, Dr. Michael H. Repacholi, Dr. Paolo Vecchia, and Dr. Gary M. Williams. Dr. Guglielmo D’Inzeo graciously hosted and co-chaired the colloquium at the University “La Sapienza” of Rome, and was assisted in his efforts by Dr. Alessandro Palombo, Carlo Argiolas, Anna Bianchi, Sonia Bogliolo, Marina Breccia, Flavia Carmenini, Federica Censi, Stefano Cesare, Luca Ciminelli, Elena Cimino, Alessandro Ganci, Nora Grazioli, Federico Iori, Daniela Ippoliti, Luna Lazzarini, Fabio Mastrantonio, Stefano Pisao, and Aldo Vincenzi. Dr. Dina T. Simunic coordinated the participation of members of the COST 244 working group. I would like to thank the staff of Wireless Technology Research (WTR), LLC responsible for organizing the colloquium: Mary Supley, Susan E. O’Donnell, and Patricia H. Carlo. The following WTR staff also provided support for the colloquium: Bryan W. Eddins, Michael Niemeyer, Jody Dosberg, Anita Sperling, Atticus Reaser, Claudine M. Valmonte, Elizabeth Estes Adams, Peter Sebeny, and Brian Jones. I would like to thank the following individuals who served as rapporteurs for the colloquium: Kelly G. Sund, Martha Embrey, Gretchen K. Findlay, Dr. Graham H. Hook, Rebecca A. Steffens, Francesca Apollonio, Marta Cavagnaro, Andrea Donato, Mirka Zago, and Micaela Liberti. They were responsible for coordinating their respective sessions and the assembly of papers. Claudine M. Valmonte and Kathleen Kapetanovic provided additional assistance in assembling sections for this volume. I would like to thank Mary Supley and Susan Hersemann for editing this volume. Polly Thibodeau and Sherry Farr also contributed to the editing process, and Eric Chrol and Jennifer Rumbaugh assisted in proofreading. This volume was formatted by Mary Supley and Polly Thibodeau, with the assistance of Jennifer Rumbaugh, Eric Chrol, Lisa Joson, Rebecca A. Steffens, Claudine M Valmonte, and Marissa Gandee. Linda T. Solheim provided legal counsel on copyright and contractual issues related to this publication. The wireless industry, through their financial support of WTR, provided support for the 1995 colloquium and this publication. G. L. Carlo I DOSIMETRY AND MEASUREMENTS Editor’s Note: The science of dosimetry as it pertains to radio frequency radiation health impact should be viewed in the context of assessing gradations in exposure to in vitro and in vivo test subjects as well as users of wireless instruments. Low- power radio frequency radiation from wireless communication instruments is difficult to accurately quantify and, where biological outcomes are of interest, must be carefully monitored for field uniformity and heating. The papers by Drs. Chou and Martens are directly applicable to this type of dosimetry and fairly represent the current state of scientific progress in that area. Measurement of output from wireless communication instruments themselves is important in the context of product certification and regulatory compliance. Product certification is a voluntary program of the wireless industry aimed at standardizing and clarifying affirmations made to consumers about these products. Regulatory compliance is mandatory both in the US and around the world, and is dependent on specific criteria for measurements in different jurisdictions. The papers by Drs. Gabriel, Kuster and Gandhi address both regulatory compliance and product certification. From the public health perspective, precise measurements of exposure in both experimental studies and epidemiology are necessary for scientific findings that can be relied upon for public health decisions. In effect, good public health decision making begins with good dosimetry. Product certification and regulatory compliance are relevant to public health decision making, but only as regards the rigor of futurepost-marketing surveillance. A product specification regarding output of radio frequency
The list of books you might like
