Wireless Personal Communications: Bluetooth and Other Technologies PDF
Preview Wireless Personal Communications: Bluetooth and Other Technologies
WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS BLUETOOTH AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS BLUETOOTH AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES edited by William H. Tranter Brian D. Woerner Jeffrey H. Reed Theodore S. Rappaport Max Robert Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW H%RRN ,6%1 0-306-46986-3 3ULQW,6%1 0-792-37214-X .OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ<RUN%RVWRQ'RUGUHFKW/RQGRQ0RVFRZ 3ULQW.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3OHQXP3XEOLVKHUV 1HZ<RUN $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 1RSDUWRIWKLVH%RRNPD\EHUHSURGXFHGRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQVHOHFWURQLF PHFKDQLFDOUHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVHZLWKRXWZULWWHQFRQVHQWIURPWKH3XEOLVKHU &UHDWHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD 9LVLW.OXZHU2QOLQHDW KWWSNOXZHURQOLQHFRP DQG.OXZHU VH%RRNVWRUHDW KWWSHERRNVNOXZHURQOLQHFRP TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ix I. FRONTIERS IN PROPAGATION 1. Statistics of the Temporal Variations in the Wireless Transmission 1 Channel in Indoor Environment Marin Stoytchev and Hugo Safar 2. UHF-Radio Propagation Predictor for Temporal Variations In 11 Populated Indoor Environments F. Villanese, W. G. Scanlon, and N. E. Evans 3. An Improved Approach for Performance Evaluation of the Downlink of 23 DS-CDMA PCS Indoor Systems with Distributed Antennas M.R. Hueda, C. E. Rodriguet, and C. A. Marques 4. Fast and Enhanced Ray Optical Propagation Modeling for Radio 35 Network Planning in Urban and Indoor Scenarios R. Hoppe, P. Wertz, G. Wölfle, and F. M. Landstorfer 5. Indoor Propagation Analysis Techniques for Characterisation of 45 Ultra-Wideband RF Environments David J. Hall 6. Propagation Signatures to Characterize Wideband Environments 57 Gregory Martin II. SPATIAL PROCESSING 7. Smart Antennas for CDMA Cellular and PCS Networks 67 Scot Gordon, Marty Feuerstein, Donn Harvey, and Michael Zhao 8. Key Techniques Realizing Smart Antenna Hardware for Microcell 77 Communication Systems Keizo Cho, Kentaro Nishimori, Yasushi Takatori, and Toshikazu Hori 9. Downlink Capacity Enhancement in GSM System Using Multiple 89 Beam Smart Antenna and SWR Implementation Wei Wang, Mohamed Ahmed, Samy Mahmoud, and Roshdy H. M. Hafez vi 10. Generalized Equations for Spatial Correlation for Low to Moderate 101 Angle Spread R. Michael Buehrer 11. Exploitation of Internode MlMO Channel Diversity in 109 Spatially-Distributed Multipoint Communication Networks Brian G. Agee 12. Design of 16-QAM Space-Time Codes for Rapid Rayleigh Fading Channels 121 Salam A. Zummo and Saud A. Al-Semari 13. Transmit Diversity With More Than Two Antennas 131 R. Michael Buehrer, Robert A. Soni, and Quinn Li 14. Reduced Complexity Space-Time Optimum Processing 145 Jens Jelitto, Marcus Bronzel, and Gerhard Fettweis III. NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN 15. Wireless Personal Communications System Planning Using 157 Combinatorial Optimisation Joseph K. L. Wong, Michael J. Neve, and Kevin W. Sowerby 16. Frequency Planning and Adjacent Channel Interference in a 169 DSSS Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) D. Leskaroski and W. B. Mikhael 17. Modeling and Simulation of Wireless Packet Erasure Channels 181 Gnüther Liebl, Thomas Stockhammer, and Frank Burkert 18. Reducing Handover Probability Through Mobile Positioning 193 Stamatis Kourtis and Rahim Tafazolli 19. Multi-user Detection Using the Iteration Algorithm in 205 Fast-Fading Channels Sun-Jin Yeom and Yong-Wan Park vii IV. NEXT GENERATION A ND B EYOND 20. FPGA DSP for Wireless Communication 217 Chris Dick and fred harris 21. Signal Processing Requirements of the TDD Terminal 229 Stamatis Kourtis, Patrick McAndrew, and Phil Tottle 22. Frame Quality-Based Versus Forward Power Control 239 Methods for the cdma2000 Third Generation Standard Steven P. Nicoloso, Mike Mettke, and R. Michael Buehrer V. BLUETOOTH: A SHORT TUTORIAL Max Robert Introduction 249 Bluetooth Overview 249 Technical Overview 250 Critical Perspective 264 Conclusion 265 Appendices A – Packet Format 266 B – Packet Description 267 INDEX 271 PREFACE th The papers presented in this book were originally presented at the 10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, which was held on the Virginia Tech campus June 14-16, 2000. This year’s Symposium was sponsored by Virginia Tech’s Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech Division of Continuing Education, and the MPRG Industrial Affiliates Program. The IEEE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech Joint Student Chapter of the IEEE Communications and Vehicular Technology Societies provided technical co-sponsorship. Much of the success of our annual symposium, as well as the success of MPRG’s research and education program, are directly due to the support of our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided by the industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve the wireless community through research, education, and outreach activities. MPRG’s industrial affiliates include the following organizations: Analog Devices, Inc., Anaren Microwave, Inc., the Army Research Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth Cellular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc., Datum, Inc., Ericsson, Inc., Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITT Industries, LGIC, Inc., Lucent Technologies, Inc., Motorola, Inc., Nokia, Inc., Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc., Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc., Tektronix, Inc., Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, and Wavtrace, Inc. In 1999, the Wireless Symposium was expanded to include a tutorial course. This activity proved popular and was continued in 2000. This year’s tutorial was targeted on the emerging technology known as Bluetooth. A summary of the tutorial notes follow and is included as the last section of this book. Twenty-two papers were presented at the 2000 symposium and are divided into five groups. The first group of six papers deals with propagation, both indoor and outdoor. The first paper, Statistics of the Temporal Variations in the Wireless Transmission Channel in Indoor Environments by Martin Stoytchev and Hugo Safar, examines the temporal behavior of an indoor channel at 2.8 GHz. They find that the received power is well defined by a Ricean model and that an unexpected increase in the received SNR occurs when people are present in the building. The second paper, UHF-Radio Propagation Predictor for Temporal Variations in Populated Indoor Environments by F. Villanese, W. G. Scanlon, and N. E. Evans, implements an improvement in site-specific ray-tracing models by including the presence of moving human bodies in the model. They found large temporal variations due to human body movement. If antennas are close to the body, such as one finds in Bluetooth applications, a reduction in received power occurs due to antenna-body interaction. The third paper, An Improved Approach for Performance Evaluation of the Downlink of DS-CDMA PCS Indoor Systems with Distributed Antennas by M. R. Hueda, C. E. Rodriguez, and C. A. Marques, examines the performance of the forward link of a DS-CDMA system having distributed antennas in an indoor channel environment. They show the inadequacies of the Gaussian approximation for interference and propose a more accurate model to describe the effect of IPI (interpath interference) on the bit error rate and the frame error rate. The fourth paper in the propagation group, Fast and Enhanced Ray Optical Propagation Modeling for Radio Network Planning in Urban and Indoor Scenarios by R. Hoppe, P. Wertz, G. Wolfle, and F. M. Landstorfer, describe a computationally efficient ray optical model. The model is implemented for both indoor and urban environments, and the model performance is compared against measurements. The next contribution, Indoor Propagation Analysis Techniques for Characterization of Ultra-Wideband RF Environments by David J. Hall, presents a number of statistics for ultra-wideband RF environments. The path loss x and the delay spread are characterized, and the performance gain as a function of the number of correlators, is discussed. The last paper, Propagation Signatures to Characterize Wideband Environments by Gregory Martin, introduces the concept of the propagation signature for summarizing the large quantity of data collected in a wideband propagation measurement program. The second set of papers deals with the techniques and applications of spatial processing. Scot Gordon, Many Feuerstein, Donn Harvey, and Michael Zhao contribute the first of these papers, Smart Antennas for CDMA Cellular and PCS Networks. The authors point out how a smart antenna for CDMA equalizes loading across sectors, which improves sectorization efficiency by balancing traffic load and decreasing handoff overhead. The following paper, Key Techniques Realizing Smart Antenna Hardware for Microcell Communication Systems by Keizo Cho, Kentaro Nishimori, Yasuhi Takatori, and Toshikazu Hori, summarizes techniques for selecting the number of antenna elements, simplifying hardware, reducing cost, and establishing system calibration. The next paper, Downlink Capacity Enhancement in GSM System Using Multiple Beam Smart Antenna and SWR Implementation by Wei Wang, Mohamed Ahmed, Samy Mahmoud, and Roshdy H. M. Hafez, demonstrates that smart antennas can significantly increase the network capacity of a CDMA cellular system. This paper is followed by a paper contributed by R. Michael Buehrer entitled Generalized Equations for Spatial Correlation for Low to Moderate Angle Spread. The focus of this paper is the development of generalized expressions approximating the spatial correlation for three angular wavefront distributions. The next paper in this section, Exploitation of Internode MIMO Channel Diversity in Spatially-Distributed Multipoint Communication Networks by Brian G. Agee, demonstrates that multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) networks can provide significant improvements in capacity over point- to-point links. This paper is followed by Design of 16-QAM Space-Time Codes in Rapid Rayleigh Fading Channels by Salam A. Zummo and Saud A. Al-Semari, which explores the use of space- time codes, based on a 16-QAM signal set, for performance enhancement in a fast fading environment. Two different code design techniques are provided, trellis encoding and I-Q encoding. Coding gains of approximately 3dB are achieved. A new diversity technique, referred to as space-time spreading, is investigated in the paper Transmit Diversity With More Than Two Antennas by R. Michael Buehrer, Robert A. Soni, and Quinn Li. Their results show that potential benefits are achieved by increasing the number of antennas at the mobile station. The last paper in this group, Reduced Complexity Space-Time Optimum Processing by Jens Jelitto, Marcus Bronzel, and Gerhard Fettweis, analyzes spatial correlation properties and investigates the signal processing requirements for designing space-time optimum receivers. The next set of contributions, consisting of five papers, treats system design and networking issues. The first of these papers, Wireless Personal Communications System Planning Using Combinatorial Optimization, by Joseph K. L. Wong, Michael J. Neve, and Kevin W. Sowerby, considers combinatorial optimization techniques for system design. A simple test problem, consisting of system deployment on a single floor of a building, is presented. The suggested optimization technique produces useful results. The next paper, Frequency Planning and Adjacent Channel Interference in a DSSS Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) by D. Leskaroski and W. B. Mikhael, illustrates a theoretical model of 802.11 DS channelization given that channels are arranged in a staggered and overlapped fashion. Emphasis is on the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. The proposed technique results in improved capacity while maintaining minimal interference. The third paper in this group, Modeling and Simulation of Wireless Packet Erasure Channels by Gunther Liebl, Thomas Stockhammer, and Frank Burkert, presents a model for wireless packet erasure channels. The model can be used for both theoretical analysis and for real-time simulation of network protocol performance. The fourth paper, Reducing Handover Probability Through Mobile Positioning by Stamatis Kourtis and Rahim Tafazolli, examines the xi mechanism by which unnecessary handovers occur and proposes a technique for combating unnecessary handovers. The final paper in this group is by Sun-Jin Yeom and Yong-Wan Park and is entitled Multi-user Detection Using the Iteration Algorithm in Fast-Fading Channels. This contribution introduces a new interference cancellation scheme for multi-user DS/CDMA. They show improved performance with reduced complexity. The last group of papers consists of three contributions. These treat a variety of implementation, signal processing, and third-generation issues. The fust of these papers, FPGA DSP for Wireless Communication by Chris Dick and fred hams, focuses on reconfigurable software defined radios developed using FPGA architectures. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of digital filters, including multi-rate filters and carrier recovery loops. The second paper in this group, contributed by Stamatis Kourtis, Patrick McAndrew, and Phil Tottle, is titled Signal Processing Requirements for the TDD Terminal. The authors of this paper consider technology requirements for the 30 PP-TDD terminal. The architecture is described and complexity issues are discussed. The last paper in this group, Frame Quality-Based Versus Eb/No-Based Forward Power Control Methods for the cdma2000 Third Generation Standard by Steven P. Nicoloso, Mike Mettke, and R. Michael Buehrer, shows that forward loop power control provides substantial capacity gains at low speeds where forward error control provides only moderate gains. They also consider the difficult problem of time correlated shadowing. The final section of this volume consists of a brief tutorial on Bluetooth, a standard defining an infrastructure for wireless devices with a very short operating range. The tutorial discusses the application potential of Bluetooth and the general environment in which Bluetooth is designed to operate. The protocol stack, the software interface, the RF specification, and Bluetooth’s interoperability with other communication standards is also discussed. A successful symposium, and consequently the papers contained herein, result from the significant efforts of a dedicated team of people. Our first thanks go to those who submitted papers and those who attended the symposium. Without a strong technical program, the symposium could not continue to prosper. The MPRG staff and graduate students also deserve special thanks. The efforts of Jenny Frank, who year-after-year takes the lead for organizing the symposium, keeping the faculty on schedule, and tending to the vast quantity of details associated with the symposium, are gratefully appreciated. The editors also wish to thank Jennifer Evans of Kluwer Academic Publishers for her support in bringing this book to press. Blacksburg, VA William H. Tranter Brian D. Woerner Jeffrey H. Reed Theodore S. Rappaport Max Robert
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