Wireless Mesh Networks for IoT and Smart Cities: Technologies and applications

289 Pages·2022·22.632 MB·English

by  Luca Davoli, Gianluigi Ferrari

Wireless Mesh Networks for IoT
and Smart Cities
Technologies and applications
Edited by
Luca Davoli and Gianluigi Ferrari
IET TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES 101
Wireless Mesh Networks
for IoT and Smart Cities
Other volumes in this series:
Volume 9 Phase noise in signal sources W.P. Robins
Volume 12 Spread spectrum in communications R. Skaug and J.F. Hjelmstad
Volume 13 Advanced signal processing D.J. Creasey (Editor)
Volume 19 Telecommunications traffic, tariffs and costs R.E. Farr
Volume 20 An introduction to satellite communications D.I. Dalgleish
Volume 26 Common-channel signalling R.J. Manterfield
Volume 28 Very small aperture terminals (VSATs) J.L. Everett (Editor)
Volume 29 ATM: the broadband telecommunications solution L.G. Cuthbert and J.C. Sapanel
Volume 31 Data communications and networks, 3rd edition R.L. Brewster (Editor)
Volume 32 Analogue optical fibre communications B. Wilson, Z. Ghassemlooy and I.Z. Darwazeh (Editors)
Volume 33 Modern personal radio systems R.C.V. Macario (Editor)
Volume 34 Digital broadcasting P. Dambacher
Volume 35 Principles of performance engineering for telecommunication and information systems
M. Ghanbari, C.J. Hughes, M.C. Sinclair and J.P. Eade
Volume 36 Telecommunication networks, 2nd edition J.E. Flood (Editor)
Volume 37 Optical communication receiver design S.B. Alexander
Volume 38 Satellite communication systems, 3rd edition B.G. Evans (Editor)
Volume 40 Spread spectrum in mobile communication O. Berg, T. Berg, J.F. Hjelmstad, S. Haavik and R. Skaug
Volume 41 World telecommunications economics J.J. Wheatley
Volume 43 Telecommunications signalling R.J. Manterfield
Volume 44 Digital signal filtering, analysis and restoration J. Jan
Volume 45 Radio spectrum management, 2nd edition D.J. Withers
Volume 46 Intelligent networks: principles and applications J.R. Anderson
Volume 47 Local access network technologies P. France
Volume 48 Telecommunications quality of service management A.P. Oodan (Editor)
Volume 49 Standard codecs: image compression to advanced video coding M. Ghanbari
Volume 50 Telecommunications regulation J. Buckley
Volume 51 Security for mobility C. Mitchell (Editor)
Volume 52 Understanding telecommunications networks A. Valdar
Volume 53 Video compression systems: from first principles to concatenated codecs A. Bock
Volume 54 Standard Codecs: image compression to advanced video coding, 3rd edition M. Ghanbari
Volume 59 Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks H. Rashvand and H. Chao (Editors)
Volume 60 Understanding Telecommunications Business A Valdar and I Morfett
Volume 65 Advances in Body-Centric Wireless Communication: Applications and State-of-the-art Q. H. Abbasi, M.
U. Rehman, K. Qaraqe and A. Alomainy (Editors)
Volume 67 Managing the Internet of Things: Architectures, Theories and Applications J. Huang and K. Hua (Editors)
Volume 68 Advanced Relay Technologies in Next Generation Wireless Communications I. Krikidis and G. Zheng
Volume 69 5G Wireless Technologies A. Alexiou (Editor)
Volume 70 Cloud and Fog Computing in 5G Mobile Networks E. Markakis, G. Mastorakis, C. X. Mavromoustakis
and E. Pallis (Editors)
Volume 71 Understanding Telecommunications Networks, 2nd edition A. Valdar
Volume 72 Introduction to Digital Wireless Communications Hong-Chuan Yang
Volume 73 Network as a service for next generation internet Q. Duan and S. Wang (Editors)
Volume 74 Access, Fronthaul and Backhaul Networks for 5G & Beyond M. A. Imran, S. A. R. Zaidi and
M. Z. Shakir (Editors)
Volume 76 Trusted Communications with Physical Layer Security for 5G and Beyond T. Q. Duong, X. Zhou
and H. V. Poor (Editors)
Volume 77 Network Design, Modelling and Performance Evaluation Q. Vien
Volume 78 Principles and Applications of Free Space Optical Communications A. K. Majumdar, Z. Ghassemlooy, A. A.
B. Raj (Editors)
Volume 79 Satellite Communications in the 5G Era S. K. Sharma, S. Chatzinotas and D. Arapoglou
Volume 80 Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications 5th Edition Scott R. Bullock
Volume 81 Applications of Machine Learning in Wireless Communications R. He and Z. Ding (Editors)
Volume 83 Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design 3rd Edition R. Bancroft
Volume 84 Low Electromagnetic Emission Wireless Network Technologies: 5G and beyond M.A. Imran, F. Héliot and
Y.A. Sambo (Editors)
Volume 86 Advances in Communications Satellite Systems Proceedings of The 36th International
Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC-2018) I. Otung, T. Butash and P. Garland (Editors)
Volume 87 Real Time Convex Optimisation for 5G Networks and Beyond T.Q. Duong, L. D. Nguyen and H. D. Tuan
Volume 89 Information and Communication Technologies for Humanitarian Services M. N. Islam (Editor)
Volume 90 Communication Technologies for Networked Smart Cities S.K. Sharma, N. Jayakody,
S. Chatzinotas and A. Anpalagan (Editors)
Volume 91 Green Communications for Energy-Efficient Wireless Systems and Networks Himal Asanga Suraweera,
Jing Yang, Alessio Zappone and John S. Thompson (Editors)
Volume 92 Flexible and Cognitive Radio Access Technologies for 5G and Beyond H. Arslan and E. Başar (Editors)
Volume 93 Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond Q. Abbasi, S.F. Jilani, A. Alomainy and M. A. Imran (Editors)
Volume 94 Intelligent Wireless Communications G. Mastorakis, C. X. Mavromoustakis, J. M. Batalla and E. Pallis (Edi-
tors)
Volume 95 ISDN applications in education and training R. Mason and P.D. Bacsich
Volume 96 Edge Caching for Mobile Networks H. Vincent Poor and Wei Chen (Editors)
Volume 98 Artificial Intelligence Applied to Satellite-based Remote Sensing Data for Earth
Observation M. P. Del Rosso, A. Sebastianelli and S.L. Ullo (Editors)
Volume 99 Metrology for 5G and Emerging Wireless Technologies T. H. Loh (Editor)
Volume 104 Enabling Technologies for Social Distancing: Fundamentals, concepts and solutions
D. N. Nguyen, D.T. Hoang, T. X. Vu, E. Dutkiewicz, S. Chatzinotas and B. Ottersten
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Wireless Mesh Networks
for IoT and Smart Cities
Technologies and applications
Edited by
Luca Davoli and Gianluigi Ferrari
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England &
Wales (no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2022
First published 2022
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Contents
About the Editors xiii
1 Wireless mesh network emulation 1
Ramon dos Reis Fontes, Augusto José Venâncio Neto, and
Christian Esteve Rothenberg
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Mininet-WiFi: a primer 2
1.3 Overview of wireless mesh technologies 5
1.3.1 IBSS (ad hoc) 5
1.3.2 Wireless distribution system 6
1.3.3 WiFi direct 7
1.3.4 IEEE 802.15.4 (6LoWPAN) 8
1.3.5 IEEE 802.11p 9
1.4 Routing protocols for WMN 10
1.4.1 IEEE 802.11s 10
1.4.2 OLSRd 11
1.4.3 Babeld 12
1.4.4 B.A.T.M.A.N. 12
1.4.5 Summary 13
1.5 Experimental use cases 15
1.5.1 A realistic vehicular experimentation 15
1.5.2 Unmanned aerial vehicles 16
1.6 Conclusion 17
References 17
2 A sink- oriented routing protocol for blue light link- based
mesh network 21
Luca Davoli, Massimo Moreni , and Gianluigi Ferrari
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Related works 22
2.3 Sink-oriented routing protocol 24
2.3.1 Receive message (RMS) packet 24
2.4 Topology construction (downlink) 25
2.5 Data collection – request (downlink) 26
2.6 Data collection – response (uplink) 27
2.7 Use cases 27
viii Wireless Mesh Networks for IoT and Smart Cities
2.7.1 Network topology reconstruction 27
2.7.2 Sensing of BLE devices in the neighborhood 28
2.8 Conclusions 28
Acknowledgement 28
References 28
3 Body sensor networks—recent advances and challenges 33
Shama Siddiqui , Anwar Ahmed Khan , and Indrakshi Dey
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Applications of BSN 35
3.2.1 Medical applications 35
3.2.2 Nonmedical applications 38
3.3 Body sensor networks—overview and components 39
3.3.1 Overview 39
3.3.2 Components 40
3.4 BSN architecture 43
3.4.1 Intra-BSN communication 43
3.4.2 Inter-BSN communication 48
3.4.3 Beyond-BSN communication 49
3.4.4 BSN network topologies 51
3.5 BSN network layers 52
3.5.1 Physical layer 53
3.5.2 Medium access control layer 54
3.5.3 Network layer 56
3.5.4 Application layer 57
3.6 Security threats and solutions for BSN 59
3.6.1 Active security threats for BSN 59
3.6.2 Passive security threats for BSN 60
3.6.3 Security solutions 60
3.7 Opportunities and open research directions 61
3.8 Conclusion 64
References 64
4 Seamless IoT mobile sensing through Wi- Fi mesh networking 67
Antonio Cilfone , Luca Davoli , Laura Belli , and Gianluigi Ferrari
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Background 68
4.2.1 IEEE 802.11s basics 68
4.2.2 IEEE 802.11s routing algorithm 69
4.2.3 B.A.T.M.A.N. 69
4.3 Mesh network implementation 71
4.3.1 Proposed mesh backbone network 72
4.4 Conclusions and application scenarios 76
Acknowledgments 78
References 78
Contents ix
5 Software- defined radio for wireless mesh networks 81
Rafik Zitouni , Laurent George, and Stefan Ataman
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Challenges for the wireless mesh networks 83
5.2.1 Cross-layer design 83
5.2.2 Experiment of WMN communications 84
5.2.3 Rigid implementation of standards 84
5.2.4 Scarcity of spectrum 84
5.3 Software-defined radio (SDR) 85
5.3.1 Architecture 85
5.4 Performances analysis of SDR platform 89
5.4.1 Analysis of USRP boards driven by GNU Radio 91
5.5 SDR for IEEE 802.15.4e 94
5.5.1 Dynamic spectrum access 95
5.6 SDR for IEEE 802.11p 96
5.6.1 Non-orthogonal multiple access 97
5.7 Conclusion 99
References 100
6 Backpressure and FlashLinQ- based algorithms for multi- hop
flying ad- hoc networks 105
Benjamin Okolo, Chiara Buratti, and Roberto Verdone
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 System model 107
6.2.1 Reference scenario 107
6.2.2 Channel model 109
6.3 The proposed algorithms 109
6.3.1 Trajectory-based joint backpressure and FlashLinQ 110
6.3.2 Predictive trajectory-based joint backpressure and
FlashLinQ 113
6.4 The benchmark solution 114
6.5 Numerical results and discussions 115
6.5.1 Simulator setup 115
6.5.2 Comparing protocols 115
6.6 Conclusion 118
References 119
7 Unmanned aerial vehicle relay networks 121
Evşen Yanmaz
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 System model 123
7.2.1 Assumptions 123
7.2.2 Pre-defined mission paths 124
7.3 Path planning for UAV relay networks 125