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WIRELESS INFORMATION NETWORKS TEAM LinG WIRELESS INFORMATION NETWORKS Second Edition KAVEH PAHLAVAN ALLEN H. LEVESQUE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax (978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030, (201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineat http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. 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TK5103.2.P342005 621.382—dc22 2005041792 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 10987654321 Tothose from whom we learned, to those wetaught, and to those welove CONTENTS Preface xi PART I INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKS 1 1 Overview of Wireless Networks 3 1.1 Introduction, 3 1.2 Network Architecture and Design Issues, 6 1.3 Key Trends in Wireless Networking, 20 1.4 Outline of the Book, 21 Questions, 22 2 Evolution of the Wireless Industry 23 2.1 Introduction, 23 2.2 Three Views of the Wireless Industry, 29 2.3 Three Generations of Cellular Networks, 32 2.4 Trends in Wireless Technologies, 43 Questions, 49 PART II CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO PROPAGATION 51 3 Characterization of Radio Propagation 53 3.1 Introduction, 53 3.2 Multipath Fading and the Distance–Power Relationship, 55 3.3 Local Movements and Doppler Shift, 64 3.4 Multipath for Wideband Signals, 66 3.5 Classical Uncorrelated Scattering Model, 72 3.6 Indoor and Urban Radio Propagation Modeling, 81 Questions, 86 Problems, 87 Projects, 89 4 Modeling and Simulation of Narrowband Signal Characteristics 93 4.1 Introduction, 93 vii viii CONTENTS 4.2 Modeling Path Loss and Slow Shadow Fading, 96 4.3 Doppler Spectrum of Fast Envelope Fading, 110 4.4 Statistical Behavior of Fast Envelope Fading, 122 4.5 Simulation of Fast Envelope Fading, 126 Questions, 133 Problems, 134 Projects, 137 5 Measurement of Wideband and UWB Channel Characteristics 149 5.1 Introduction, 149 5.2 Time-Domain Measurement Techniques, 151 5.3 Frequency-Domain Measurement Techniques, 171 5.4 Advances in Frequency-Domain Channel Measurement, 180 Questions, 197 Problems, 198 Project, 200 6 Modeling of Wideband Radio Channel Characteristics 205 6.1 Introduction, 206 6.2 Wideband Time-Domain Statistical Modeling, 208 6.3 Wideband Frequency-Domain Channel Modeling, 234 6.4 Comparison Between Statistical Models, 243 6.5 Ray-Tracing Algorithms, 245 6.6 Direct Solution of Radio Propagation Equations, 261 6.7 Comparison of Deterministic and Statistical Modeling, 263 6.8 Site-Specific Statistical Model, 265 Appendix 6A: GSM-Recommended Multipath Propagation Models, 270 Appendix 6B: Wideband Multipath Propagation Models, 272 Questions, 274 Problems, 275 Projects, 277 PART III MODEM DESIGN 279 7 Narrowband Modem Technology 281 7.1 Introduction, 282 7.2 Basic Modulation Techniques, 284 7.3 Theoretical Limits and Practical Impairments, 307 7.4 Traditional Modems for Wide-Area Wireless Networks, 312 7.5 Other Aspects of Modem Implementation, 328 Questions, 335 Problems, 336 Projects, 338 8 Fading, Diversity, and Coding 341 8.1 Introduction, 341 CONTENTS ix 8.2 Radio Communication on Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels, 343 8.3 Diversity Combining, 347 8.4 Error-Control Coding for Wireless Channels, 353 8.5 Space-Time Coding, 363 8.6 MIMO and STC, 365 Questions, 372 Problems, 372 Projects, 374 9 Broadband Modem Technologies 377 9.1 Introduction, 378 9.2 Effects of Frequency-Selective Multipath Fading, 380 9.3 Discrete Multipath Fading Channel Model, 384 9.4 Adaptive Discrete Matched Filter, 389 9.5 Adaptive Equalization, 393 9.6 Sectored Antennas, 405 9.7 Multicarrier, OFDM, and Frequency Diversity, 411 9.8 Comparison of Traditional Broadband Modems, 421 9.9 MIMO in Frequency-Selective Fading, 423 Appendix 9A: Analysis of the Equalizers, 425 Questions, 428 Problems, 429 Projects, 431 10 Spread-Spectrum and CDMA Technology 435 10.1 Introduction, 435 10.2 Principles of Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum, 439 10.3 Principles of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum, 444 10.4 Interference in Spread-Spectrum Systems, 464 10.5 Performance of CDMA Systems, 476 Questions, 494 Problems, 495 PART IV SYSTEMS ASPECTS 499 11 Topology, Medium Access, and Performance 501 11.1 Introduction, 501 11.2 Topologies for Local Networks, 503 11.3 Cellular Topology for Wide-Area Networks, 506 11.4 Centrally Controlled Assigned Access Methods, 521 11.5 Distributed Contention-Based Access Control, 537 Questions, 572 Problems, 573 Project, 576 12 Ultrawideband Communications 581 12.1 Introduction, 581