Wireless Communication Electronics: Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques

519 Pages·2021·20.314 MB·English

by  Robert Sobot

Robert Sobot
Wireless
Communication
Electronics
Introduction to RF Circuits and Design
Techniques
Second Edition
Wireless Communication Electronics
Robert Sobot
Wireless Communication
Electronics
Introduction to RF Circuits and Design
Techniques
Second Edition
123
RobertSobot
ÉcoleNationaleSupérieuredel’Électronique
etdesesApplications
Cergy-Pontoise,France
ISBN978-3-030-48629-7 ISBN978-3-030-48630-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48630-3
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2012,2021
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ToAllen
Preface
PrefacetotheSecondEdition
Thistextbookistheupdated,significantlymodified,andreorganizedversionofthefirstedition.Some
material was removed, some added, all in the attempt to produce a more focused book with the
explanationsbettersuitedforthestudentswhoareenteringthistopic.
In this edition’s structure, chapter after chapter, the course lectures, examples, case studies,
and problems follow the design of AM RF receiver circuit that my Canadian students were
studying and designing as the laboratory requirement of the course. Thus, these textbook example
circuits have been demonstrated in the practical part of the course. For pedagogical reasons, the
complexity and challenges of the receiver’s subcircuits are adjusted so that they are appropriate for
senior undergraduate students who are entering RF circuit design for the first time. The assumed
prerequisitesforthiscoursearethefirstcourseincircuittheoryandanalogueelectronics.
Theincreasedvolumeofthistextbookprohibitsmetogivemorespaceto“drilling”problemsthat
are required for practicing the presented ideas and concepts. Instead, in the second edition of my
“ByExample”exercisebook,Igiveanumberofsolvedtutorialtypeexercisesandproblemsthatare
neededtofurtherdevelopthedesignskillsrequiredforthissubject.
Cergy-Pontoise,Île-de-France RobertSobot
March8,2019
PrefacetotheFirstEdition
This textbook originated in my lecture notes for the “Communication Electronics I” undergraduate
coursethatIhaveofferedoverthelast6yearstothestudentsatTheUniversityofWesternOntario
inLondon,Ontario,Canada.Thebookcoversthetransitionalareabetweenlowfrequencyandhigh
frequencywirelesscircuits.Specifically,itintroducesthefundamentalphysicalprinciplesrelatedto
theoperationofatypicalwirelessradiocommunicationsystem.
BynomeanshaveIattemptedtotouchuponallthepossibletopicsrelatedtowirelesstransmission
systems.Mostmoderntextbookscoveralargenumberoftopicswitharelativelylowlevelofdetails,
which are usually left as an “exercise to the reader”. In this textbook I have chosen to discuss the
subject in more depth, and thus provide detailed mathematical derivations, applied approximations,
and analogies. The chosen topics are, in my experience, suitable for a one semester, 4h per week,
senior undergraduate engineering course. My intent was to tell a logical story that flows smoothly
fromonechaptertothenext,hopingthatthereaderwillfinditeasytofollow.
vii
viii Preface
My main inspiration in writing this book came from my students, who at the beginning of the
semester would always ask: “What do I need to study for this course?” Having a choice between
writingatextbookthatcoversmanytopicsatahighlevelortheonethatcoversfewerfundamental
principlesbutinmoredetail,Ichosethelatter.Allofthematerialinthisbookisconsideredthebasic
knowledgethatisexpectedtohavebeenacquiredbyaspiringengineersenteringthefieldofwireless
communicationelectronics.
Therefore, the intended audience for this book are, primarily, senior undergraduate engineering
studentspreparingfortheircarriersincommunicationelectronics.Atthesametime,myhopeisthat
graduateengineeringstudentswillfindthisbookausefulreferenceforsomeofthetopicsthathave
been only touched upon in the previous stages of their education or are explained from a different
pointofview.Finally,thepracticingjuniorRFengineersmayfindthisbookahandysourceforthe
quickanswersthatareroutinelyomittedfrommosttextbooks.
London,ON,Canada RobertSobot
August12,2011
Acknowledgements
IwouldliketoacknowledgeallthosewonderfulbooksthatIusedasthesourceofmyknowledgeand
tosaythankyoutotheirauthorsforprovidingmewiththeinsightsthatotherwiseIwouldnothave
been able to acquire. Under their influence, I was able to expand my own horizons, which is what
acquiringoftheknowledgeisallabout.HenceIdowanttoacknowledgetheircontributionsthatare
clearlyvisiblethroughoutthisbook,whicharenowbeingpassedontomyreaders.
In professional life, one learns both from written sources and from experience. The experience
comesfromtheinteractionwithpeoplethatwemeetandprojectsthatweworkon.Iamgratefulto
my former colleagues who I was fortunate to have as my technical mentors on really inspirational
projects, first at the Institute of Microelectronic Technologies and Single Crystals, University of
Belgrade, former Yugoslavia, then at PMC-Sierra Burnaby, BC, Canada, where I gained most of
myexperiencesoftherealengineeringworld.
IwouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionsofmycolleaguesatWesternUniversityinCanada,
specificallyofProfessorJohnMacDougall,whoinitializedandrestructuredthecourseintotheform
of “design and build” and of Professors Alan Webster, Zine Eddine Abid, and Serguei Primak who
taughtthecourseatvarioustimes.
Iwouldliketothankallofmyformerandcurrentstudentswhorelentlesslykeepasking“Why?”
and“Howdidyougetthis?”Ihopethatthematerialcompiledinthisbookcontainsanswerstoatleast
someofthosequestionsandthatitwillencouragethemtokeepaskingquestionswithunconstrained
curiosityaboutallthephenomenathatsurroundus.
Sinceregratitudegoestomypublisherandeditorsfortheirsupportandmakingthisbookpossible.
Most of all, I want to thank my son for patiently growing up along with this book, for hanging
aroundmydesk,askingquestions,andformakingmelaugh.
ix
Contents
PartI BasicConceptsandDefinitions
1 Introduction................................................................. 3
1.1 ConceptofEnergyandInformation ....................................... 3
1.2 WirelessTransmissionofSignals ......................................... 5
1.2.1 AShortHistoryofWirelessTechnology............................ 6
1.2.2 NatureofWaves................................................ 9
1.3 WaveformDefinitions................................................... 13
1.3.1 Amplitude ..................................................... 13
1.3.2 Frequency ..................................................... 14
1.3.3 Wavelength .................................................... 16
1.3.4 WaveEnvelope................................................. 17
1.3.5 Phase,PhaseDifference,andSignalVelocity........................ 19
1.3.6 AverageofSineFunction ........................................ 21
1.3.7 The“High-Frequency”Concept................................... 24
1.4 ElectronicSignals ...................................................... 26
1.4.1 DCandACSignals ............................................. 26
1.4.2 Single-EndedandDifferentialSignals.............................. 27
1.4.3 ConstructiveandDestructiveSignalInteractions ..................... 29
1.5 SignalMetrics ......................................................... 29
1.5.1 Power......................................................... 29
1.5.2 RootMeanSquare(RMS)........................................ 30
1.5.3 ACSignalPower ............................................... 33
1.5.4 TheDecibelScale .............................................. 34
1.6 ComplexTransferFunctions ............................................. 36
1.6.1 FirstOrderFunction,Form1 ..................................... 37
1.6.2 FirstOrderFunction,Form2 ..................................... 38
1.6.3 FirstOrderFunction,Form3 ..................................... 39
1.6.4 FirstOrderFunction,Form4 ..................................... 42
1.6.5 Second-OrderTransferFunction .................................. 45
1.6.6 GainandPhaseMargins ......................................... 50
1.7 Summary ............................................................. 54
Problems .................................................................... 54
2 BasicBehaviouralandDeviceModels .......................................... 57
2.1 “BlackBox”Technique ................................................. 57
2.2 Two-terminalModels ................................................... 58
xi
xii Contents
2.2.1 IdealResistor .................................................. 58
2.2.2 IdealSwitch ................................................... 59
2.2.3 IdealVoltageSource ............................................ 60
2.2.4 IdealCurrentSource ............................................ 60
2.2.5 Voltage/CurrentGenerators....................................... 62
2.2.6 SummaryofIdealElementModels ................................ 62
2.3 Impedance ............................................................ 63
2.3.1 LinearResistor ................................................. 64
2.3.2 NonlinearResistor .............................................. 68
2.3.3 Capacitor...................................................... 71
2.3.4 Inductor....................................................... 77
2.4 Summary ............................................................. 84
Problems .................................................................... 85
3 MultistageInterface.......................................................... 87
3.1 SystemPartitioningConcept ............................................. 87
3.2 VoltageTransferInterface ............................................... 89
3.2.1 ResistiveVoltageDivider ........................................ 89
3.2.2 RCVoltageDivider ............................................. 91
3.2.3 RLVoltageDivider ............................................. 93
3.3 CurrentTransferInterface ............................................... 95
3.3.1 ResistiveCurrentDivider ........................................ 95
3.3.2 RCCurrentDivider ............................................. 96
3.3.3 RLCurrentDivider ............................................. 98
3.4 MaximumPowerTransfer ............................................... 100
3.4.1 PowerLossDuetoMismatch..................................... 102
3.5 CaseStudy:TheNeedforSignalBuffering................................. 104
3.6 Summary ............................................................. 105
Problems .................................................................... 105
4 BasicSemiconductorDevices .................................................. 107
4.1 ActiveDevices......................................................... 107
4.2 Diode ................................................................ 108
4.2.1 MathematicalModel ............................................ 108
4.2.2 BiasingPoint .................................................. 110
4.2.3 SmallSignalg Gain............................................ 114
m
4.2.4 VaricapDiode.................................................. 117
4.3 BipolarJunctionTransistor(BJT)......................................... 122
4.3.1 MathematicalModel ............................................ 125
4.3.2 CurrentGainβ ................................................. 127
4.3.3 BJTSmallSignalModels ........................................ 128
4.3.4 SmallSignalg Gain............................................ 129
m
4.3.5 EmitterResistance .............................................. 131
4.3.6 BaseResistance ................................................ 132
4.3.7 CollectorResistance............................................. 133
4.3.8 CollectorResistance:“DegeneratedEmitter”Case ................... 134
4.3.9 BriefSummary................................................. 138
4.4 MOSFETTransistor .................................................... 140
4.4.1 MathematicalModel ............................................ 140