Wine : a scientific exploration

334 Pages·2003·6.219 MB·English

by  Merton Sandler, Roger Pinder

Wine
A Scientific Exploration
Edited by
Merton Sandler
Imperial College Medical School
London, UK
and
Roger Pinder
Organon Inc.
USA
First published 2003 by Taylor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis Inc,
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2003 Merton Sandler and Roger Pinder
Typeset in 11/12pt Garamond 3 by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge,
Wiltshire
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this
book is true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the
publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any
errors or omissions that may be made. In the case of drug administration, any
medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this
book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested
ISBN 0-415-24734-9
There are more old drunkards than old doctors.
Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)

Contents
List of figures ix
List of tables xi
List of contributors xii
Preface xiv
1 Drinking wine 1
R. GEORGE
2 The history of wine as a medicine 21
P. A. NORRIE
3 Archaeology and the origins of wine production 56
J. M. RENFREW
4 Saving the vine from Phylloxera: a never-ending battle 70
G. GALE
5 Wine and heart disease: a statistical approach 92
M. BOBAK AND M. MARMOT
6 Wine, alcohol and cardiovascular diseases 108
A. L. KLATSKY
7 Wine flavonoids, LDL cholesterol oxidation and
atherosclerosis 140
M. AVIRAM AND B. FUHRMAN
8 Resveratrol: biochemistry, cell biology and the
potential role in disease prevention 160
D. M. GOLDBERG AND G. J. SOLEAS
viii Contents
9 Grape-derived wine flavonoids and stilbenes 199
G. L. CREASY AND L. L. CREASY
10 Modern biotechnology of winemaking 228
R. S. JACKSON
11 The identity and parentage of wine grapes 260
R. M. PINDER AND C. P. MEREDITH
12 Wine and migraine 274
M. SANDLER
13 Wine: protective in macular degeneration 285
T. O. OBISESAN
14 Antimicrobial effects of wine 299
M. E. WEISSE AND R. S. MOORE
Index 314
List of figures
Figure 5.1 Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality
in US men and women. 93
Figure 5.2 Alcohol consumption and mortality from coronary
heart disease in US men. 95
Figure 5.3 Alcohol consumption and mortality from coronary
heart disease in US women. 95
Figure 6.1 Mean systolic blood pressures (upper half) and
mean diastolic blood pressures (lower half) for
white, black or Asian men and women with
known drinking habits. 115
Figure 7.1 Antiatherogenic effects of wine polyphenols. 143
Figure 7.2 The effect of alcohol added to whole squeezed
grapes on the wine polyphenol content and on
its antioxidant capacity. 145
Figure 7.3 The antioxidative effects of red wine compared
with white wine consumption on LDL oxidation. 147
Figure 7.4 Effects of catechin, quercetin or red wine
consumption by E° mice on the size of the
atherosclerotic lesion area of their aortic arch. 149
Figure 7.5 Mechanisms responsible for the antiatherosclerotic
effects of red wine consumption by E° mice. 150
Figure 7.6 The effect of catechin, quercetin, or red wine
consumption by E° mice on their serum
paraoxonase activity. 151
Figure 7.7 Effect of wine polyphenols on LDL cholesterol
oxidation and atherosclerosis. 153
Figure 9.1 Ring-numbering system for flavonoids and stilbenes. 200
Figure 9.2 A- and B-ring substitutions for common grape
flavonoids. 202
Figure 9.3 trans-Resveratrol, the first stilbene to be produced
by grapevines. 206
Figure 9.4 Commonly found resveratrol derivatives in
grapevines. 207
x List of figures
Figure 9.5 Biosynthesis of flavonoids and resveratrol. 208
Figure 9.6 Seasonal resveratrol production potential of Pinot
noir berries growing in Tumbarumba, New South
Wales, Australia. 212
Figure 9.7 Stilbene levels in Pinot noir grapes with and
without powdery mildew infection. 212
Figure 9.8 Stilbene levels in Semillon grapes at varying stages
of botrytis development. 216
Figure 9.9 Hypothetical relationship between a measured
parameter in the grape versus that in the wine. 218
Figure 10.1 Flow diagram of winemaking. 229
Figure 10.2 Diagrammatic representation of a simple, two-
branched, metabolic pathway, showing feedback
inhibition by selected end products. 232
Figure 10.3 Formation of acetaldehyde, acetoin, and higher
alcohols during alcoholic fermentation. 233
Figure 10.4 Profile of aroma of a ‘Riesling’ wine (after
20 months) fermented with different yeast strains. 234
Figure 10.5 Yeast numbers during fermentation of white and
red wines. 239
Figure 10.6 Relationship of body, bitterness and fruitiness
to overall quality of Cabernet Sauvignon wine
fermented with various malolactic cultures, as
evaluated by two taste panels composed of
winemakers and a wine research group. 243
Figure 13.1 Percentage of people with age-related macular
degeneration by wine consumption in the First
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 287
Figure 13.2 Differences in the incidence of age-related macular
degeneration between wine-drinkers and non-wine-
drinkers in the Third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey. 288
Figure 14.1 Survival of E. coli bacteria after exposure to wine,
beer, cola, diet cola, water and milk. 302
Figure 14.2 Survival of Salmonella over time when exposed to
water, red wine, white wine, Pepto-Bismol®, tequila
diluted to 10% ethanol, and ethanol 10%. 304
Figure 14.3 A polyphenol, oenidol. This complex sugar is found
in the grape, and is liberated by fermentation. It is
antibacterial at low pH, such as is found in wine. 310
List of tables
Table 2.1 All known and translated Egyptian medical papyri. 23
Table 2.2 Summary of the medicinal uses of wine by the
ancients. 46
Table 2.3 Chronology of wine as a medicine. 47
Table 5.1 Change of biological risk factors associated with an
intake of 30 g of alcohol per day. 97
Table 6.1 Relationship of light and heavy drinking to major
stroke types. 120
Table 6.2 Relative risk of CHD hospitalization or death
according to alcohol. 122
Table 6.3 Relationship of alcohol drinking to cardiovascular
conditions. 128
Table 8.1 Recovery of labelled resveratrol 24 hours after
gastric administration in rats. 181
Table 8.2 Concentrations of trans-resveratrol in blood serum
and urine after oral consumption (25 mg) in three
different matrices by healthy males. 183
Table 11.1 Microsatellite alleles in Zweigelt and its parents,
St Laurent and Blaufränkisch. 266
Table 11.2 The 16 progeny cultivars of north-eastern France,
all being full siblings from the parents Gouais
Blanc and Pinot. 268
Table 14.1 Survival of Salmonella, Shigella and E. coli in various
beverages, and relation to pH of the beverages. 303
Table 14.2 Relative amounts of intestinal fluid secretion after
injection of test substance into isolated intestinal
segments. 307
Table 14.3 Antibacterial activity of Médoc wine according to
its age. 311
List of contributors
Michael Aviram George Gale
The Lipid Research Laboratory Department of Philosophy
Rambam Medical Center University of Missouri-Kansas City
Haifa 31096 Kansas City
Israel MO 64110
USA
Martin Bobak
Department of Epidemiology and Rosemary George
Public Health Master of Wine
University College London Independent wine writer
London UK
WC1E 6BT
UK David M. Goldberg
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Glen L. Creasy and Pathobiology
Centre for Viticulture and University of Toronto
Oenology Toronto
Lincoln University Ontario
Canterbury Canada
New Zealand M5G 1L5
Leroy L. Creasy Ron S. Jackson
Department of Horticulture CCOVI
Cornell University Brock University
Ithaca St Catherines
New York 14853 Ontario
USA Canada
Bianca Fuhrman Arthur L. Klatsky
The Lipid Research Laboratory Kaiser Permanente Medical Care
Rambam Medical Center Program
Haifa 31096 280 West MacArthur Boulevard
Israel Oakland