Wind Farm - Impact in Power System and Alternatives...

342 Pages·2011·14.016 MB·English

by  G. Suvire

WIND FARM – IMPACT
IN POWER SYSTEM
AND ALTERNATIVES TO
IMPROVE THE
INTEGRATION

Edited by Gastón Orlando Suvire
Wind Farm – Impact in Power System and Alternatives to Improve the Integration
Edited by Gastón Orlando Suvire

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech
All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons
Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy,
distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original
work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors
have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication,
referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted
for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Romina Krebel
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Jan Hyrat
Image Copyright Yegor Korzh, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com

First published July, 2011
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Wind Farm – Impact in Power System and Alternatives to Improve the Integration,
Edited by Gastón Orlando Suvire
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-467-2
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Impact of Wind Power Generation on the Electric System 1
Chapter 1 Impact of Wind Farms in Power Systems 3
Mónica Alonso and Hortensia Amarís
Chapter 2 Wind Power Integration: Network Issues 21
Sobhy Mohamed Abdelkader
Chapter 3 Voltage Fluctuations Produced
by the Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines
during Continuous Operation
- European Perspective 43
Carlos López and Jorge Blanes
Chapter 4 Evaluation of the Frequency Response
of AC Transmission Based Offshore Wind Farms 65
M. Zubiaga, G. Abad, J. A. Barrena,
S. Aurtenetxea and A. Cárcar
Part 2 Alternatives to Mitigate Problems
of the Wind Power Integration 91
Chapter 5 FACTS: Its Role in the Connection of
Wind Power to Power Networks 93
C. Angeles-Camacho and F. Bañuelos-Ruedas
Chapter 6 Optimal Management of Wind Intermittency
in Constrained Electrical Network 109
Phuc Diem Nguyen Ngoc, Thi Thu Ha Pham,
Seddik Bacha and Daniel Roye
Chapter 7 Intelligent Control of Wind Energy
Conversion Systems 145
Abdel Aitouche and Elkhatib Kamal
VI Contents

Chapter 8 Operation and Control of Wind Farms in
Non-Interconnected Power Systems 171
Ioannis D. Margaris, Anca D. Hansen, Nicolaos A. Cutululis,
Poul Sørensen and Nikos D. Hatziargyriou
Chapter 9 Short-Term Advanced Forecasting and Storage-Based
Power Quality Regulation in Wind Farms 209
Juan Mendez and Javier Lorenzo
Chapter 10 Dynamic Simulation of Power Systems
with Grid Connected Windfarms 225
N. Senthil Kumar
Part 3 Modelling and Simulation of Wind Power System 245
Chapter 11 Modeling Wind Speed for
Power System Applications 247
Noha Abdel-Karim, Marija Ilic and Mitch J. Small
Chapter 12 Modelling and Simulation of a 12 MW
Active-Stall Constant-Speed Wind Farm 271
Lucian Mihet-Popa and Voicu Groza
Chapter 13 Wind Integrated Bulk Electric System Planning 295
Yi Gao
Chapter 14 Agent-Based Simulation of Wind
Farm Generation at Multiple Time Scales 313
Enrique Kremers, Norbert Lewald, Pablo Viejo,
José María González De Durana and Oscar Barambones

Preface

During the last two decades, increase in electricity demand and environmental
concern resulted in fast growth of power production from renewable sources. Wind
power is one of the most efficient alternatives. Due to rapid development of wind
turbine technology and increasing size of wind farms, wind power plays a significant
part in the power production in some countries. However, fundamental differences
exist between conventional thermal, hydro, and nuclear generation and wind power,
such as different generation systems and the difficulty in controlling the primary
movement of a wind turbine, due to the wind and its random fluctuations. These
differences are reflected in the specific interaction of wind turbines with the power
system.
This book addresses a wide variety of issues regarding the integration of wind farms
in power systems, from impact to modeling and simulation of wind power system.
The book is the result of contributions from many researchers worldwide. I hope that
the book will become a useful source of information and basis for discussion for the
readers. I wish to thank all chapter authors for their efforts and the quality of the
material submitted.
The book contains 14 chapters divided into three parts. The first part (Chapters 1 to 4)
outlines aspects related to the impact of the wind power generation on the electric
system. In the second part (Chapters 5 to 10), alternatives to mitigate problems of the
wind farm integration are presented. Finally, the third part (Chapters 11 to 14) covers
issues of modeling and simulation of wind power system.
In Chapter 1, wind farms impacts on power networks and on grid codes requirements
are analyzed. An optimal allocation of wind farms has been selected in order to
maximize the system loadability as well as to reduce any power losses of the whole
network by using an optimization algorithm where reactive power capability of
Double Fed Inductor Generator (DFIG) is already included in the formulation.
The focus of the Chapter 2 is on the voltage stability problem and the network
capability to accommodate power from the wind systems.
In Chapter 3, the way in which power fluctuations from asynchronous fixed-speed
wind turbines become voltage variations is presented. The chapter includes an
X Preface

analysis of IEC 61400-21, which is the procedure for testing the wind turbines and the
concept of fictitious network to determine its potential to disturb the power system.
Chapter 4 evaluates the frequency behavior of the offshore wind farms at normal
operation (steady state), in function of design procedure parameters like: the cable
length / characteristics, transformers connection and leakage inductance or inter-
turbine grids configuration. The analysis is performed from the point of view of the
wind turbines, considering them as potential harmonic sources.
Chapter 5 analyses one solution to problems of voltage deviations due to wind power
generation. Variable speed operation is described for wind generators, and the use of
flexible alternating-current transmission systems (FACTS) controllers is considered to
improve the integration of wind generators in power systems.
Chapter 6 considers an optimal operation of wind storage system as an optimization
problem that deals with primary sources, storage capacity as well as demand. The
main objective is to meet the network requirements in terms of limiting the wind
power fluctuations and providing possible ancillary services.
In Chapter 7, a control algorithm for wind turbines subjected to a wide range of wind
variation, grid disturbance and parameter uncertainties is presented. The algorithm
utilizes fuzzy systems based on "Takagi-sugeno" (TS) fuzzy models to approximate
nonlinear systems.
Chapter 8 presents aspects of the control system of wind farms that need to be further
developed in order to enhance their contribution in system services, e.g. primary
frequency control. The chapter focuses on the impact of wind power fluctuations on
power system operation through a detailed modelling approach of both conventional
generation as well as of the basic commercial wind turbine configurations.
Chapter 9 contains the results of research activities in line to reduce both: the
uncertainties in power forecasting and the lack in power quality for wind farms
connected to public grids. The approach is a suite of studies that are focused on power
forecasting for Electricity Markets and also an innovative simulation technique to
evaluate the quality by using a coupled storage systems as water reservoirs, inertial
systems or chemical batteries.
The objective of the Chapter 10 is to study the impact of FACTS controllers on the long
term dynamic behavior of a grid connected doubly fed induction generator based
wind farm. The stability of the system is studied by running time domain simulations
with and without FACTS controllers.
Chapter 11 introduces wind speed models that capture variability and unpredictability
in wind speed behavior. It consists of three major parts: a time series wind speed
prediction model with a detailed focus on short term wind predictions, a wind power
Discrete Markov Model, and a wind data decomposition model that decomposes wind
speed into sub-models.