Wind Engineering. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, July 1979 PDF
Preview Wind Engineering. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, July 1979
Also of Interest CHEUNG Finite Strip Method in Structural Analysis, 2nd Ed FRANCIS Introducing Structures GIBSON Thin Shells: Computing and Theory HARRISON Structural Analysis and Design: Some Minicomputer Applications HORNE Plastic Theory of Structures, 2nd Ed LENCZNER Elements of Loadbearing Brickwork LENCZNER Movements in Buildings, 2nd Ed MILLER & SMITH Mechanical Behaviour of Materials (3 volumes) PIGGOTT Load Bearing Fibre Composites SACHS Wind Forces in Engineering, 2nd Ed TAPLIN Advances in Research on the Strength and Fracture of Materials and Structures (6 volumes) Pergamon Related Journals Free Specimen Copies Gladly Sent on Request CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS FATIGUE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES WIND ENGINEERING Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, July 1979 Edited by J. E. CERMAK Colorado State University, USA Volume 1 PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD · NEW YORK · TORONTO · SYDNEY · PARIS · FRANKFURT U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 0X3 OBW, England U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A. CANADA Pergamon of Canada, Suite 104, 150 Consumers Road, Willowdale, Ontario M2J 1P9, Canada AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544, Potts Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia FRANCE Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France FEDERAL REPUBLIC Pergamon Press GmbH, 6242 Kronberg-Taunus, OF GERMANY Hammerweg 6, Federal Republic of Germany Copyright © 1980 Pergamon Press Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers. First edition 1980 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data International Conference on Wind Engineering, 5th, Colorado, 1979 Wind engineering. 1. Wind-pressure - Congresses I. Title II. Cermak, J E 624'. 175 TA654.5 80-40753 ISBN 0-08-024745-8 In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible the author's typescript has been reproduced in its original form. This method has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader. Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton & Co. Ltd., Exeter Foreword The Fifth International Conference on Wind Engineering (ICWE) held at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, on 8-14 July 1979 marks a new phase in development of engineering related to wind and its effects. Whereas the four previous conferences — first in Teddington, England (June 1963); second in Ottawa, Canada (September 1967); third in Tokyo, Japan (September 1971); and the fourth in Heathrow, England (September 1975) — were identified as International Conferences on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, the Fifth ICWE addressed a broader scope of effects and concerns associated with wind. In addition to the traditional theme of wind effects on buildings and structures, the Fifth ICWE included considerations of social and economic impact of wind storms and wind-engineering practice and an introduction to relatively new wind-engineering applications of growing significance. Move ment of air through buildings, dispersion of heavy gases released from spills of chemicals and liquid natural gas, physical modeling of flow over complex terrain and transport of particles, and siting of wind turbines with respect to terrain features are among the most rapidly developing applications. Substantial evidence is available that indicates an ever increasing interest and activity in wind engineering. Fifth ICWE statistics of 250 complete papers submitted for review and 350 participants from 25 countries reveal a strong growth trend. Another favorable sign is development of wind-engineering organizations in several countries. For example, the Canadian Wind Engineering Association, the Japan Association for Wind Engineering and the Wind Engineering Research Council, Inc. (USA) sponsor national wind-engineering conferences to promote exchange of information that compliments communication through the International Conferences and these Proceedings. The Conference Organizing Committee v Introduction INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WIND ENGINEERING The International Association for Wind Engineering (IAWE) came into being on 10 September 1975 through action of the Steering Committee for the International Study Group on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures. Primary purposes of the IAWE are: (1) organize and maintain continuity of international conferences on wind engineering that began with the International Conference on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures held at Teddington, UK, in 1963 and (2) establish liaison with national and international organizations working in related fields. At the same meeting, held during the Fourth International Conference on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures at Heathrow, UK, the Steering Committee chose to redesignate the series of quadrennial international conferences as the International Conferences on Wind Engineering (ICWE). This decision was prompted because of expanding needs and interests to consider transport of air pollutants, wind effects on people and plants and utilization of wind power. Furthermore, knowledge of wind effects on buildings and structures had advanced sufficiently to be accounted for through engineering design and analysis. The next conference, the Fifth International Conference on Wind Engineering, was scheduled for 8-14 July 1979 at Colorado State University (CSU) in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Minutes of the Steering Committee meeting held during the Fifth ICWE are presented in Appendix 1 of these proceedings. PURPOSE OF CONFERENCE As in the four previous conferences, the Fifth ICWE was organized to facilitate international communication and exchange of new developments in knowledge and practice of wind engineering. One objective was to stimulate the exchange of research results recently obtained by engineers, fluid dynamicists and meteorologists related to wind effects on buildings, structures, people, agriculture, air pollution and energy production. Application of new findings to development of design methods and codification of information for use by practicing engineers, architects, meteorologists and urban planners was another important objective. A new objective for the international conferences was to assess the social and economic impact of wind as a natural hazard. Equally significant was an attempt to realize the social and economic implications of codes and design practices developed to combat this hazard, xvii XVIII Introduction THEMES OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS Subject matter of the Fifth ICWE was organized into ten consecutive technical sessions. These half-day sessions of approximately ten papers, following a paper on Recent Developments and Trends by each Chairman, were focused on the following themes: I. Social and Economic Impact of Wind Storms II. Wind—Characteristics and Description III. Local Wind Environment IV. Wind Loading—Mean and Fluctuating Internal and Mean External V. Wind Loading—Fluctuating External VI, Dynamic Response—Tall Buildings and Towers VII. Dynamic Response—Bridges, Transmission Towers and Roof Membranes VIII. Physical and Mathematical Modeling IX. Wind-Engineering Applications X. Wind-Engineering Practice The theme of Session I, Social and Economic Impact of Wind Storms, was included for the first time on an ICWE program. Because of ever increasing economic losses through wind damage this topic was considered to be timely and appropriate to establish significance of the nine topics to follow. For example, a study by the J. T. Wiggins Company of California sponsored by the National Science Foundation concluded that wind damage to buildings in the United States during 1970 amounted to $3,5 billion (1978 dollars) and may reach $8 billion by year 2000. TECHNICAL SESSION PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS Papers for the technical sessions were selected from 250 complete manuscripts submitted in response to the Call for Papers. Ten additional papers resulted from a paper on Recent Developments and Trends by the Chairman and Co-Chairman of each session. In an effort to provide adequate time for presentation and discussion, while keeping the tradition of non-parallel technical sessions, the Organizing Committee and a host of reviewers selected approximately 100 of the unsolicited papers for presentation. These selections were based on originality, quality and completeness of the paper with additional considerations given to coherence of subject matter for each session and geographical distribution of the authors. Authors of papers recommended for presentation that could not be placed on the program were invited to submit their papers to the Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics for further review and possible publication. Through courtesy of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and assistance of Dr. R. F. Abbey, Jr. all papers, with exception of papers by the Chairmen, were presented to participants in a two-volume set of preprints at the time of registration. Two discussion periods were scheduled for each technical session — one preceding the mid-session recess for refreshments and the other immediately before closure of the session. The rapporteur of each session served to coordinate communication between discussants and edited the dialogue that ensued. These proceedings contain all papers presented during the Conference and five papers selected for presentation but not presented. The papers of each session are preceded by the ChairmanTs paper on Recent Developments and Trends and are followed by the discussions. Introduction χιχ PROGRAM SUMMARY All Conference sessions were held in the Andrew G, Clark Building on the main campus of Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. The follow ing program covered the period 8-14 July 1979: Sunday. 8 July: Afternoon Registration Evening Reception Monday, 9 July: Morning Opening Session Welcome by Dr. L.V. Baldwin, Dean of Engineering, CSU Address by Dr. A.R. Chamberlain, President, CSU Opening Remarks by Dr. J.E. Cermak, Chairman Technical Session I - Social and Economic Impact of Wind Storms Noon Luncheon and presentation by Dr. H.W. Teunissen — Activities of Canadian Wind Engineering Afternoon Technical Session II - Wind: Characteristics and Description Evening Meeting and Dinner - ICWE Steering Committee Tuesday, 10 July: Morning Technical Session III - Local Wind Environment Noon Luncheon and presentation by Dr. A.N.L. Chiù — The Wind Engineering Research Digest Afternoon Technical Session IV - Wind Loading: Mean and Fluctuating Internal and Mean External Evening Conference dinner and program by R.L. Brown of Abraham Lincoln High School, Denver — Ghost Towns of Colorado: Past and Present Wednesday, 11 July: Morning Technical Session V - Wind Loading: Fluctuating External Afternoon Tour of Rocky Mountain National Park Meeting — Wind Engineering Research Council, Inc. Evening Dinner at Lazy B Ranch, Estes Park Thursday, 12 July: Morning Technical Session VI - Dynamic Response: Tall Buildings and Towers Noon Luncheon and presentation by Dr. H. Ishizaki — Activities of Japan Association for Wind Engineering Afternoon Technical Session VII - Dynamic Response: Bridges, Transmission Towers and Roof Membranes Evening Picnic Tour of Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory, CSU XX Introduction Friday, 13 July: Morning Technical Session VIII - Physical and Mathematical Modeling Noon Luncheon and presentation by Dr. D.B. Simons — Research in the College of Engineering at CSU Afternoon Technical Session IX - Wind-Engineering Applications Saturday, 14 July: Morning Technical Session X - Wind-Engineering Practice Presentation by Dr. J.E. Cermak — Plaque to Dr. Deliu Sfintesco on His 70th Birthday Closing remarks by Dr. W.H. Melbourne — Plans for Sixth ICWE in Australia The foregoing program was supplemented by a program for ladies and children. This program included a variety of tours, mountain hikes, luncheons and presen tations on fine art. Following the Saturday morning session many participants departed on Post- Conference Study Tours. Three basic tours were scheduled — 1) northern travel to the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario; Atmospheric Environment Service, University of Toronto and CN Tower, Toronto; and the National Research Council and National Aeronautical Establishment, Ottawa; 2) easterly travel to Center for Building Technology and George S. Vincent Memorial Wind Tunnel, Washington, D.C.; the World Trade Center Tower and Citicorp Building, New York; the Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel and John Hancock Tower Boston, and 3) westerly travel to the Full-Scale Earthquake and Wind Engineering Laboratory, UCLA, Los Angeles; The California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; and the University of British Columbia and the Lions' Gate Bridge, Vancouver, British Columbia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The individual threads of this Conference and their integration into a fabric of distinct pattern and enduring value are the result of much effort by many contributors. Authors, chairmen, rapporteurs, delegates, IAWE Steering Committee and my associates of the Fluid Mechanics and Wind Engineering Program at Colorado State University provided major contributions for which we express our sincere thanks. For extensive correspondence and arrangement of operational details before and during the Conference that resulted in an unusually enjoyable and problem- free week, we are especially grateful to our Conference Secretary, Edith L. Kruse. We are all indebted to Helen V. Sitzman, Fluid Mechanics and Wind Engineering Program Secretary, for many hours of painstaking effort dedicated to typing and assembling the manuscript for these Proceedings. Introduction XXI We thank the following Sponsors who provided necessary financial support and Co-Sponsors who published Conference announcements in their publications: Sponsors National Science Foundation Libbey-Owens-Ford Company AMAX Foundation, Inc. Exxon Research and Engineering Company Electric Power Research Institute U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Fluid Mechanics & Wind Engineering Program, CSU Co-Sponsors American Academy of Mechanics American Institute of Architects American Meteorological Society American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers Canadian Wind Engineering Association International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering Subsonic Aerodynamic Testing Association Wind Engineering Research Council, Inc. J. E, Cermak Chairman Opening Address DR. A. R. CHAMBERLAIN President Colorado State University Let me add to the welcome given you by the Colorado State University Dean of Engineering, Dr. Lionel Baldwin. The governing Board of Colorado State University and the entire university community of 18,000 competitively selected students and 1,500 professional personnel take pride in having this opportunity to serve as host for this Fifth International Conference on Wind Engineering. It is my special privilege to have the opportunity to provide a brief opening address to you, a distinguished group of international scholars from many parts of the world. Much of this conference will relate to the sharing of new knowledge from research. Very little is easily translated into public policy action by typical elective officials who ^control most of our economic and social behavior. Yet, the preprints for this conference makes it clear to me that the economic benefits of more wind engineering research and the application of it would provide a high rate of economic return, especially as construction costs continue to skyrocket. I read recently that by the year 2,000, well within the anticipated life of most buildings we could build even this year of 1979, building damage caused by hurri cane winds and storm surges may approximate $5 billion annually in constant dollars and will exceed that caused by any other natural hazard. This conveys the importance of increasing our collective research efforts on wind engineering. This conclusion was reinforced when further reading suggested that probably half of the estimated damage could be avoided by the application of current and probable near future knowledge. It also indicates a very high economic payoff from an increased investment in research. To the above example we must add many, many other areas of our daily lives in which wind engineering can and should play an increasing role; roles which suggest the need for more graduate education and research in wind engineering to develop the human capital so necessary to conduct the research, design and planning functions. As an increasing number of people occupy more land area and use more, larger, higher and longer structures, with greater efforts in their design to fulfill the aesthetic needs of people, the structural and environmental complexity will call clearly for an increasing frequency of use of wind engineering, planning and design talents. This will require enhanced knowledge by engineers, architects, lawyers, insurance and other types of professionals if we are to sustain a quality of living environment acceptable to our people and which is reasonably safe and yet economical to construct. xxiii
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