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RESEARCH TOPICS IN WIND ENERGY 2 Michael Hölling Joachim Peinke Stefan Ivanell Editors Wind Energy – Impact of Turbulence 123 Research Topics in Wind Energy Volume 2 Serieseditor JoachimPeinke,UniversityofOldenburg,Oldenburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected] Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11859 AboutthisSeries The series Research Topics in Wind Energy publishes new developments and advancesin the fields of Wind EnergyResearch and Technology,rapidly and informallybut with a high quality. Wind Energyis a new emergingresearch field characterized by a high degree of interdisciplinarity.The intent is to cover all the technicalcontents,applications,andmultidisciplinaryaspectsofWindEnergy,em- beddedinthefieldsofMechanicalandElectricalEngineering,Physics,Turbulence, Energy Technology,Control, Meteorology and Long-TermWind Forecasts, Wind Turbine Technology, System Integration and Energy Economics, as well as the methodologiesbehindthem.Withinthescopeoftheseriesaremonographs,lecture notes,selected contributionsfromspecializedconferencesandworkshops,aswell asselectedPhDtheses.Ofparticularvaluetoboththecontributorsandthereader- shiparetheshortpublicationtimeframeandtheworldwidedistribution,whichen- ablebothwideandrapiddisseminationofresearchoutput.Theseriesispromoted undertheauspicesoftheEuropeanAcademyofWindEnergy. · Michael Hölling Joachim Peinke Stefan Ivanell Editors Wind Energy – Impact of Turbulence ABC Editors MichaelHölling StefanIvanell InstituteofPhysicsandForWind GotlandUniversity UniversityofOldenburg Visby Oldenburg Sweden Germany JoachimPeinke InstituteofPhysicsandForWind UniversityofOldenburg Oldenburg Germany ISSN2196-7806 ISSN2196-7814 (electronic) ISBN978-3-642-54695-2 ISBN978-3-642-54696-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-54696-9 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014933402 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The seminar on “Wind Energy and the Impact of Turbulence on the Conversion Process” took place in Oldenburg, Germany, spring 2012. It was one of the first scientific meetings devoted to the common topic of wind energy and basic turbulence.Theestablishedcommunityofresearchersworkingonthechallengingpuzzle ofturbulencefordecadesmetthequiteyoungcommunityofresearchers,whoface the upcomingchallengesin the fast growingfield of wind energyapplications. In the last few years it became more and more evident that the efficient conversion of wind energy by wind turbines has to face the challenging questions of turbulence. Although wind turbines become bigger and bigger, now having diameters close to 200m, they are always operating close to the ground in windy and gusty regions, respectively. From the fluid mechanical point of view, wind turbines are largemachinesoperatinginthefullyturbulentatmosphericboundarylayer.Inpar- ticulartheyarefacingsmall-scaleturbulentinflowconditions.Itisoneofthecentral puzzlein basic turbulenceresearchto achievea fundamentalunderstandingofthe peculiarities of small-scale turbulence. Besides the inflow condition the resulting aerodynamicsaroundthe windturbine’sbladesandtheforcestransmittedintothe machinery need to be better understood in this context of puzzling inflow condi- tions.Thisisabigchallengeduetothemulti-scalepropertiesoftheincomingwind fieldrangingfromlocalflowconditionsontheprofileuptotheinteractionofwake flowsinwindfarms. This conference attracted high interest. It was supported from three societies, namelytheEUROMech,EAWEandECOFTATC.Asorganizerswewerequitesur- prisedthatmorethan100participantsfromabout15countriescametothisconfer- ence. The intensive discussions of experts were a special mark of this conference as well as the active participation,which lasted untilthe last lecture. Thusby this conferencetheactualityofthisnewfieldbecameobvious. MichaelHo¨lling JoachimPeinke StefanIvanell Contents PartI:RotorAerodynamics FatigueDamageMitigationbytheIntegrationofActiveandPassive LoadControlTechniquesonWindTurbines ........................ 3 C.L.Bottasso,F.Campagnolo,A.Croce,C.Tibaldi DESStudyofAirfoilLiftCoefficientSensitivitytoFlowTurbulence .... 9 EliaDaniele,IvańHerraéz,BernhardStoevesandt,JoachimPeinke Single and Multi-element AirfoilPerformanceSimulationStudy andWindTunnelValidation ..................................... 17 O.Eisele,G.Pechlivanoglou PairingInstabilityinHelicalVortices.............................. 23 HadrienBolnot,Ste´phaneLeDize`s,ThomasLeweke ActuatorDiscModelingoftheMEXICORotorExperiment........... 29 EsmailMahmoodi,AloisPeterSchaffarczyk ThickAirfoilDeepDynamicStall ................................. 35 HannsMueller-Vahl,Christoph Strangfeld,Christian Navid Nayeri, ChristianOliverPaschereit,DavidGreenblatt PartII:Turbulence TheScalingPropertiesoftheTurbulentWindUsingEmpiricalMode DecompositionandArbitraryOrderHilbertSpectralAnalysis ........ 43 RudyCalif,FrançoisG.Schmitt,YongxiangHuang MultifractalStatisticalMethods and Space-Time Scaling Laws forTurbulentWinds ............................................ 51 G.Fitton,I.Tchiguirinskaia,D.Schertzer,S.Lovejoy VIII Contents AdvancedStatisticalAnalysisofHigh-FrequencyTurbulentPressure FluctuationsforOn-andOff-shoreWind .......................... 59 AndreasJeromin,AloisPeterSchaffarczyk Characterizing the Fluctuations of Wind Power Production byMulti-timeStatistics.......................................... 67 OliverKamps WindEnergy:ATurbulent,IntermittentResource .................. 73 PatrickMilan,AllanMorales,MatthiasWa¨chter,JoachimPeinke HighlyTime-ResolvedProductionDataAnalyzedUsingEngineering Wind-FarmModels............................................. 79 U.V.Poulsen,J.Scholz,E.Hedevang,J.Cleve,M.Greiner TurbulentStructuresinCanopyFlows............................. 85 AntonioSegalini,JensH.M.Fransson,P.HenrikAlfredsson ACloserLookatSecond-MomentClosureforWindFarmAnalysis .... 93 JonathonSumner,DanielCabezoń,ChristianMasson,AntonioCrespo PartIII:Experiments SmallScaleSensingforWindTurbineActiveControlSystem ......... 103 RustomB.Bhiladvala,ElsaAssadian,AliEtrati WindTunnelSimulationofWindTurbineWakesinNeutral,Stable andUnstableOffshoreAtmosphericBoundaryLayers ............... 109 PhilipE.Hancock,FraukePascheke,ShanyingZhang UnsteadyFlowInvestigationaroundaPitchingWindTurbineBlade Element ...................................................... 115 KobraGharali,DavidA.Johnson,VivianLam ComparativeMeasurementsoftheEffectofaWingletonaWind Turbine....................................................... 121 DrewGertz,DavidA.Johnson,NigelSwytink-Binnema LidarSimulationstoStudyMeasurementsofTurbulenceinDifferent AtmosphericConditions......................................... 127 Jo¨rgeSchneemann,StephanVoss,GeraldSteinfeld,DavideTrabucchi, JuanJose´ Trujillo,Bjo¨rnWitha,MartinKu¨hn PartIV:FlowModeling VortexParticle-MeshSimulationsofAtmosphericTurbulenceEffects onWindTurbineBladeLoadingandWakeDynamics................ 135 Ste´phane Backaert, Philippe Chatelain, Gre´goire Winckelmans, IvanDeVisscher Contents IX Wind Energy Applications of Unified and Dynamic Turbulence Models ....................................................... 141 StefanHeinz,HarishGopalan Large-EddySimulationsofWindTurbineDedicatedAirfoilsatHigh ReynoldsNumbers ............................................. 147 O.Lehmkuhl,J.Calafell,I.Rodr´ıguez,A.Oliva Low-Order Modelling of Blade-Induced Turbulence for RANS ActuatorDiskComputationsofWindandTidalTurbines............. 153 TakafumiNishino,RichardH.J.Willden OnLESAssessmentinMassiveSeparatedFlows:FlowPastaNACA AirfoilatRe=50000............................................ 159 I.Rodr´ıguez,O.Lehmkuhl,A.Baez,C.D.Perez-Segarra InstabilityoftheHelicalTipVorticesbehindaSingleWindTurbine.... 165 SasanSarmast,PhilippSchlatter,StefanIvanell,RobertF.Mikkelsen, DanS.Henningson High-ResolutionOffshoreWakeSimulationswiththeLES Model PALM........................................................ 175 Bjo¨rnWitha,GeraldSteinfeld,DetlevHeinemann PartV:Atmospheric Boundary Layer Solving 2D Unsteady Turbulent Boundary Layer Flows with a Quasi-SimultaneousInteractionMethod ........................... 185 H.A.Bijleveld,A.E.P.Veldman Time-Resolved CFD Simulation of a Turbulent Atmospheric BoundaryLayerInteractingwithaWindTurbine ................... 191 K.Meister,Th.Lutz,E.Kra¨mer MesoscaleModelingofLow-LevelJetsovertheNorthSea ............ 197 ChristopherNunalee,SukantaBasu AerodynamicBoundaryLayerInvestigationonaWindTurbineBlade underRealConditions .......................................... 203 Daniela Schwab, Stefan Ingwersen, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, MichaelBreuer AuthorIndex ..................................................... 209 Part I Rotor Aerodynamics