Wind Energy 1975–1985: A Bibliography

171 Pages·1986·8.355 MB·English

by  Penny Farmer (auth.)

Penny Farmer
Wind Energy 1975 -1985
A Bibliography
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Penny Farmer
Prisk House
Prisk
Nr. Cowbridge
South Glamorgan
Wales, UK
ISBN -13 :978-3-642-82662-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-82660-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-82660-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Farmer, Penny
Wind energy, 1975 -1985.
Includes index.
1. Wind power--Bibliography.
I. Title. ,
Z5853.w55F37 1986 [TJ825] 016.33379'2 86-l9l8
ISBN-I 3 :978-3-642-82662-7 (U;S.)
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically those of translation,' reprinting, 're-use of illustrations,
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use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1986
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence·of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws
and regulations and therefore free for general use.
216113020-543210
Contents
1 Research and Development . . . . . . . .
1.1 International (including developing countries)
1.2 United States and Canada . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Renewable Energy Resources - Federal Programmes 5
1.2.2 Renewable Energy Resources - State Programmes 10
1.2.3 Wind Energy Pro~grammes 13
1.3 Europe ........ . 21
1.3.1 United Kingdom . . . . . 21
1.3.1.1 Renewable Energy Resources 21
1.3.1.2 Wind Energy. . . . . . 23
1.3.2 Netherlands . . . . . . 26
1.3.3 Scandinavia . . . . . . 28
1.3.4 Other European Countries 32
1.4 Africa ... 36
1.5 Middle East '.' . . . 37
1.6 Far East ...... . , 37
1.7 Australia/New Zealand 39
1.8 South America . . . . 40
2 Resource Assessment and Site Selection 42
2.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.1 Models (Mathematical and Physical) 48
2.2 Feasibility Assessments and Studies 54
2.2.1 U.S.A. ........... . 54
2.2.1.1 United States Wind Energy Resource Atlas Project 59
2.2.2 Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3 Design of Wind Energy Conversion Systems 65
3.1 Systems Design and Siting 65
3.1.1 Offshore Systems . . . . . . . . 72
3.1.2 Simulation and Modelling . . . . 74,
3.2 Wind Turbines: Design and Testing 79
3.2.1 Vertical AXis Turbines . . . . 87
3.2.2 Horizontal Axis Turbines. . . . . 92
3.2.3 Tornado Type Wind Turbines . . . 97
3.2.4 Oscillatory Wind Energy Conversion Systems 99
3.2.5 Rotor Design; Aerodynamics; Materials 100
4 Institutional Incentives and Controls on Wind Energy Conversion Systems 108
4.1 State and Government Incentives . . . . . . 108
4.2 Legal and Environmental Implications ofWECS . 110
4.3 Safety Aspects of WECS . . . . . . . . . . 114
5 Applications of Wind Energy Conversion Systems 116
5.1 Economics and Marketing ofWECS for Various Applications 116
5.2 Electric Power Generation Using WECS . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.1 Technical Aspects of Electric Power Generation Using WECS 120
5.2.1.1 Energy Storage Mechani~ms for WECS Electric Power Generation 126
5.2.2 Costs and Economics of WECS Power Generation for Electric Utilities 128
5.2.2.1 Value Analysis of WECS for Utility Grids. . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.3 Energy Management and Operation of Integrated Systems. . . . 138
5.3 Domestic Applications: Self-Sufficie.ncy and Water/Space Heating 144
5.4 Agriculture induding Irrigation . . . . . . . : '147
5.5 Other Applications including Desalination Plants,
Telecommunications.and Wind Propulsion 152
6 Bibliographies 157
'1 Author Index . 159
1.1 lIltlltem~tl:fiOlID.~ (fudlllHlllfurng
lIJ)evelloJlllfurng C01l1llID.(orne§)
1.1(1) UTILIZATION OF SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY Traces trends in global energy consumption
TO IMPROVE THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT IN LESS with particular reference to developing
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. nations. The energy resource base of these
Ramakumar, R. (Oklahoma State Univ., areas is analysed to determine if future
Stillwater, USA.) In Proc. Institute of energy demands will be satisfied. Coal,
Environmental Science 22nd Annual Technical natural gas, oil shale, tar sand, geothermal,
Meeting, Environmental Technology 1976 and hydroelectric resources are surveyed.
Philadelphia, Pa., 26-28 April 1976. Potential contributions of wave, tidal, wind,
Mount Prospect, Ill., USA. Institute of and solar energy are also considered.
Environmental Science 1976 pp. 314-318. (18 refs.)
Discusses the prospects of utilizing
renewable energy sources such as solar and
wind energy and an approach to develop viable 1.1(5) ENERGY RESOURCES AND THE IMPACT
rural economic units in less developed OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
countries. (16 refs.) Ibrahim Said, M.A. (Al-·Azhar Univ., Cairo)
Long Range Planning, 13 (8) August 1980,
pp. 63-70.
1.1(2) ELECTRICITY FROM THE WIND A GUIDE Examines global energy resources and reserves
FOR THE GENERALIST. including tidal power, geothermal resources,
Bendick, P. (Solar Solution, Washington, DC., hydropower, wind power, solar emergy fusion,
USA.) NTIS Report PB80-139751, 1978 23 pp. fission, and fossil fuels. Energy conversion
The possibility of using wind energy to technologies and their prospects are discussed
generate small amounts of electricity is and associated environmental problems
discussed for the generalist working in summarised. Energy growth and development is
developing countries. Basic information about considered for future energy planning. (6 refs.)
wind energy is presented, but the guide is
neither comprehensive nor technical.
1.1(6) ANNUAL REPORT ON ENERGY RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
1.1(3) NEW VILLAGE USES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY OF THE lEA 1979-1980.
SOURCES. International Energy Agency/OECD Report,
Howe, J. W. (Overseas Development Council, DC.) 1980 89 pp.
Paper presented at U.N. Environment programme/ Describes lEA Energy R&D Projects conducted
Et Al Energy & Environment in East Africa by the nine member countries during 1979 which
Conf., Nairobi, 7-10 May 1979 pp. 93-108. focused on energy conservation, coal technology,
Renewable energy resources are suitable for enhanced oil recovery, nuclear reactor safety
displacing conventional and costly energy experiments, geothermal energy systems, solar
systems at the village level in rural areas. energy, biomass conversion, ocean energy, wind
Solar energy is one such energy source; it is energy, fusion energy, and the production of
plentiful, well distributed, and associated hydrogen from water. Organisation arrangements
technologies are proven. Biogas and wind and financing of each project are reported.
energy systems are also evaluated. Factors
such as cost and socioeconomic impact are
identified. (16 refs.) 1.1(7) WORLD ENERGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY.
Kiely, F. Chartered Mechanical Engineer,
May 1980 pp. 26-30.
1.1(4) ENERGY FUTURES IN DEVELOPING Attempts to evaluate the worldwide availa
COUNTRIES. bility of various energy resources in the
Olende, S.A. (U.N. Centre for Natural long term. The ultimate availability of
Resources Energy & Transport, New York) each resource, the rate at which it could be
Paper presented at U.N. Environment produced, the extent to which conservation
programme/Et Al Energy Environment in East measures could prolong the availability of
Africa Conf., Nairobi, 7-10 May 1979 each resource, and the potential for
pp. 14-45. substituting renewable resources for resources
2
of limited availability. Includes eil, The lEA Cemmittee .Dn Energy R &D (CRD)
natural gas, cea]., hydreelectric pewer, sUPPDrts tqe definitien and implementatiDn Df
nuclear,. biemass, eil shale, tar sands, and energy technelegy that will enable member
.selar, geethermal, wind; and ecean thermal. ceuntries to. reduce their dependenc·e en
impDrted energy and imprevethe efficiency ef
energy use. Research prDgrammes in the
1.1(8) LOAD CASES FOR WIND ENERGY CONVERSION fDllewing member cDuntries Australia, Austria,
SYSTEMS. W. Germany, Ireland, Japan, and NDrway; and
TOrnkvist, G. (Saab-Scania AB) In Prec. 3rd brief reviews ef prDgrammes in Belgium,
Internatienal Sympesium en Wind Energy mada, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Netherlands"
systems, Lyngby, Denmark 26-29 August 1980 _<ew Zealand, Spain, Sweden" Switzerland,
Cranfield, U.K., BHRA Fluid Engng., 1980 the U.K., and the u.s. are reviewed. These
Paper D2, pp. 183-192. assessed the feasibility ef sDlar, hydrD
Describes the internatiDnal prDgramme fer electric, geDthermal and wind energy, and
research and develDpment en wind energy examined the petential fer energy
cenversien systems (WECS) Drganised by the. censervatien in 'autemDbiles, building equip
Internatienal Energy Agency (IEA). One ment, and industry. The amDunt ef meney spen',
preject cencerning lead case recemmendatiens in energy R&D is measured against the real
is presented and results Dn wind data fDr grDwth ef each 'CDuntry's budget, a!,d each is
WECS and Dn main IDad·cases given. evaluated f~r the status Df its ~nergy R&D
pregrammes.
1.1(9) THE ECWA REGIONAL REPORT TO THE
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON NEW· AND
1.1(13) GLOBAL ENERGY IN TRANSITION,
RENEWABLE SOURCES .OF ENERGY.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NEW AND RENEWABLE
Paper'presented at U.N. Ecenemicand SDcial
CDuncil New & Renewable Seurces ef Energy SOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT~.
Sierra Club InternatiDnal Earthcare Centre
Preparatery Cenference, Beirut 12-16 January
RepDrt 5, 1981 125 pp.
1981 56 pp.
Over-relianceDn fessil fuels, fuelwDeds,
Describes the General Assembly's decisiDn
and charceal fuel seurces has led to. a
to. cenvene an Internatienal Cenference en New
disruptien,ef the natural reseurce base,
and Renewable Energy Seurces. Identificatien
heighten·ed expenses, and sDcial disruptiDn frDm
and analysis ef new· technelegies, petentials
a lackDf prDductivity, lack ef access to'
.fer utilisatien ef new.and renewable ferms Df
essential reSDurces, and changes in cultural
energy in develeping ceuntries, assessment Df
patterns. The U.N. Conference en New'and
the ecenemic viability of beth new and DId
Renewable Seurces Df Energy fDcused glebal
technelegies, .and prqmotien ef adequate
attentien on the centributiens that new 'and
infermatien en the sUbject. Include,? wind
energy .. renewable· seurces ef energy can effer.
Technical, develDpment, and envirDnment aspects
ef alternative energy·seurces; pel icy issues
1.1(10) ENERGY AND Alp.
fDr energy primning and develepment, and
OECD Observer, No.. 111,'July 1981 pp. 23-26.
selected natienal reperts are seme·topics
Increased energy preductiDn is a key
lncluded which also inceiperates wind energy
prierity ferDil imperting develDping natiens.
assessments.
Describes the investmentef aid frelJl OECD
meIDber natiens France, .W.,Germany, Japan,
The Netherlands, and the U.S. in the
develepment ef wind energy, biefuels., and 1.1 (14) lEA LARGE-SCAL.E WECS ANNUAL REPORT 1980.
ether energy systems. Natienal Swedish BDard for Energy SDurce
Develepment Repert NE 1981, 1981 49 pp.
lEA Wind Energy Cenversien System research
1.1 (11) ENERGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
and develDpment is designed to' further develep
RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND ALTERNATIVE. such systems by means Df ·ceeperative efferts.
TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COuNTRIES. Large-sc,ale .wind .Energy CDnversien Systems in
U.S, Natienal Research Ceuricil Repor.t,
Denmark, W. Germany, Sweden, and the U'.S. made
1981 244 pp. censiderable prDgress during 1980 and deSign,
Small, i~w-cest, iocaily Dperated energy censtructio.n, testing, and eperatiDn ef these
systems are described fer applicatien in rural
systems are detailed in this repDrt ..
areas ef develeping natiens.· Rural appli
catiens ef pheteveltaics are .cited and Dther
alternative technelegies address~d including
1.1(15) NEW AND·RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
selar heating and ceDling, 'w~nd energy,
small-·scale hydreelectric pD.wer,· biDcDnversiDn, CONFERENCE SUMMARY.
Paper presented at U.N New and Renewable'
geethermal energy, batteries, flywheels and
,SDurces o.f Energy Cenference, Nairebi
stirling engines.'
10-21 August 1981 126 pp.
The majer challenge to. beth industrialised
l.l(l~. ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND and develeping ceuntries in the 80's·is finding
DEMONSTRATION IN THE IEA COUNTRIES 1980· a safe, clean, and renewable source ef energy.
REVIEW OF NATIONAL PROGRAMMES; This U.N. Cenferenceen New and Renewable
InternatiDnal Energy Agency RepDrt Se~rces ef Ehergy examines eCDnemic and
1700/ES(61 81 06 1) 1981 169 pp. pelitical aspects ef new energy seurces and
3
discusses the transition from a world countries. A brief bibliography of key exist
dependent on depletable fuels to one reliant on ing studies on wind energy is included, and
ecologically sound renewable fuels. Solar, wind, basic characteristics of wind energy and wind
hydroelectric, tidal, wood, biomass, and other resources are determined and presented.
energies are studied in detail for their Economics of both large- and small-scale wind
applicability and feasibility to various regions energy production are calculated and the
of the world. constraints limiting development and utilis
ation of wind energy and measures to overcome
these are discussed. (21 refs.)
1.1(16) OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES RELEVANT TO THE
INCREASED USE OF NEW AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF
ENERGY WITHIN UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM. REPORT OF 1.1(20) REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE FOOD AND
THE SECRETARY-GENERAL. AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable
Sources of Energy Conference, Nairobi Sources of Energy Conference, Nairobi
10-21 August 1981 23 pp. 10-21 August 1981 14 pp.
Gives a general overview of technical FAO maintains an interest in the development
cooperation projects included in the U.N. of new and renewable energy sources because of
Development Programme dealing with new and the dominant role of agriculture in the energy
renewable energy sources. Data on resource systems of rural areas. Energy in the form of
allocations to each of the projects and the waste materials can be used for biogas
Programme activities are presented together with production. Use of biofertilisers based on
the relative degree of involvement of each nitrogen-fixing organisms, applications of wind
project in various activities related to and solar energy, integrated pest control, and
renewable energy development. Each of the the improved utilisation of draught animal power
renewable energy technologies are studied for are discussed.
their relative importance to the various U.N.
Programmes.
1.1(21) REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.
1.1(17) REPORT OF THE AD HOC EXPERT GROUP ON Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable
EDUCATION AND TRAINING. Sources of Energy Conference, Nairobi
Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable 10-21 August 1981 15 pp.
Sources of Energy Conference, Nairobi Countries throughout the world are assessed
10-21 August 1981 41 pp. for their eligibility for various types of
This group was established by the U.N. to alternative energies including hydropower,
determine the needs of education in the develop geothermal, solar., biogas, nuclear, and wind,
ment and use of new and renewable energy sources. and then awarded assistance when and where
Training needs and existing facilities for appropriate by the UNDP, budget activities are
renewable energy technologies are given for detailed, and all UNDP projects in new and
solar energy, biomass, hydropower, ocean power, renewable energy sources listed.
oil shales, geothermal energy, and wind energy
and recommendations made for policy structuring
and education of the general public. (10 refs.) 1.1(22) SYNTHESIS OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON
NEW AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY.
Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable
1.1(18) REPORT OF THE SYNTHESIS GROUP Sources of Energy Conference, Nairobi
RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY THE TECHNICAL PANELS 10-21 August 1981 38 pp.
AND THE AD HOC GROUPS OF EXPERTS. Summarises available material on new and
Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable renewable sources of energy and their
Sources of Energy 3rd Preparatory Conference, applications and highlights areas where
New York City, U.S.A. 30 March-17 April 1981 information is lacking. The increasing
97 pp. importance of renewable energy to developing
Reports on a variety of energy forms - countries is investigated in a global context.
geothermal, wind, ocean, oil shale, solar, Ongoing R&D in renewable resources are
biomass, hydropower, fuelwood and charcoal, summarised, both generally and by country. Peat,
peat, draught animal power and other new and oil shale, tidal power, wood energy, wind power,
renewable sources of energy. Information flows, solar energy, geothermal power, and biomass are
research, development, and transfer of tech included.
nology, education and training, and utilisation
of energy in agriculture, transportation, and
allied sectors are considered. 1.1(23) RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITY
FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
1.1(19) REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL PANEL ON WIND Dosik, R.S. and Weiss, C. (World Bank, DC.)
ENERGY ON ITS SECOND SESSION. Paper presented at UNESCO Non-Technical
Paper presented at U.N. New and Renewable Obstacles to the Use of New Energies in
Sources of Energy Conference, Nairobi Developing Countries Conference, Bellagio,
10-21 August 1981 34 pp. Italy 25-29 May 1981 14 pp.
Describes the current status and potential of Reviews the capabilities of developing
wind energy and its relevance to developing countries for assessing national energy needs
4
and resources, choosing appropriate techno and improved charcoal kilns - to low-subsis
logies, and establishing effective institutions tence developing'countries. (17 refs.)
for energy manufacture and distribution.
Direct assistance programmes for strengthening
these capabilities are discussed. International 1.1 (28) THE POSSIBLE SHARE OF SOFT/DECENTRALISED
programmes to build technological capacity in RENEWABLES IN-MEETING THE FUTURE ENERGY DEMANDS
biomass production, and solar, wind, and small OF DEVELOPING REGIONS.
hya.1Oepewe.1O sys1;ems neea 1;e Be implemen1;ea. Khani A.M. IIASA Report RR-81-18, September 1981
29 pp.
Developing countries can be expected to
1.1(24) NON-TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN THE increase their energy consumption by a factor
IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAMMES of about 10 over the\next 50 years. The
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. maximum share of renewable energy sourc'es ln
Dunn, P.D. (University of Reading, U.K.) Paper meeting the future commercial energy demand of
presented at UNESCO Non-Technical Obstacles to the three market-economy developing world
the Use of New Energies in Developing Countries regions - Latin America, Africa and Southeast
Conference, Bellagio, Italy 25-29 May 1981 5 pp. Asia - is determined. Windmills, small hydro
Criteria for choosing new energy sources for power u,nits, charcoal, biogas, and solar heat
developing countries are listed and barriers to are conSidered.
implementation of new energy forms, such as
lack of information, financing, and expertise.
Progress has been made in the last few decades, 1.1(29) ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY INDIGENOUS
improving information flow, developing field RENEWABLE RESOURCES.
projects, and encouraging small energy-related Omo-Fadaka, J. (Third World Outlook, London)
industry. A programme to develop wind power Alternatives-J, 6 (3) Winter 1980-81
for water pumping in the Sudan and a study of pp. 409-418.
the need for local renewable energy sources to Describes ways third world countries can
maintain Thai agriculture illustra.te general benefit from their geographical location by the
requirements for introducing new energy forms use of indigenous biomass and other resources
to a developing country. such as sun, wind and water for their energy
needs.
1.1(25) REFLECTIONS ON INSTITUTIONAL
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES FAVOURING RENEWABLE 1.1(30) WIND ENERGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
ENERGIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Smulders, P.T. Energiespectrum, 5 (7/8)
Durand, H. Paper presented at UNESCO Non July-August 1981 pp. 193~200. In Dutch.
Technical Obstacles to the Use of New Energies Taking the wind's mean velocity as an
in Developing Countries, Bellagio, Italy indication' of wind power potenttal, Curacao
2.5-29 May 1981 6 pp. and Cape Verde Islands are comparable with
Summarises problems of applying solar, wind, Den Helder in the Netherlands, with 8 m/s at an
small hydro, and biomass energy in developing altitude of 40 m. Most developing countries
countries and concludes that resolution of show only half this speed, i.e. a wind energy
these problems must be carried out through an availability eight times lower, but the consumer
interministerial agency with appropriate side aspects of the problem could be more
authority. and decision-making powers. favourable. Considers .commercial factors· and
comparative energy consumption rates. (8 refs.)
1.1 (26) ENERGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A TIME
TO ACT. 1.1(31) WHO'LL WIN THE RACE?
El-Hinnawi, E. (National Research Centre, Swift-Hook, D.W. (Central Electr. Res. Labs.)
Cairo) Mazingira, 5 (I) 1981 pp. 70-79. Consulting Engineer 45 (8) August 1981
A wide variety of renewable resources can be pp. 10-11, 13 and 15.
harnessed to meet the essential energy needs of Discusses the present position in wind energy,
the rural poor in developing nations. Examples with summaries of the progress in America,
of, such efforts initiated by United Nations Sweden, Britain and Denmark.
Energy Programme are presented. Small-scale
wind, solar, and bioconversion energy systems
were installed ,in a small village in 1.1(32) EVALUATION OF lEA WIND ENERGY RESEARCH
Sri Lanka to provide electricity and heat. 1977-198i.
Similar projects conducted in the Philippines Pershagen, B. National Swedish Board for Energy
are also surveyed. Development Report NE 1982, March 1982 52 pp.
Activities of the International Energy Agency's
Programme of R&D on Wind Energy conversi~n
1. 1 ( 27) THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN Systems (WECS) are described. Includes environ
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. mental and meteorological aspects of WECS,
Foley, G. ~International Institute for integration of wind power into national
Environment & Development, London, U.K.) electricity supply systems Phase 1, and rotor
Ambio, 10 (5) 1981-pp.200-206. stressing and smoothness of op'eration of large
Investigates the lack of widespread scale WECS. An evaluation of wind models for
applications of advanced renewable energy wind energy siting and the integration of wind
technologies -, wind, solar, biogas, ethanol, power into national electricity' supply system8
5
Phase 2 are nearing completion and were 52 papers presented at the conference
finished during 1982. Ongoing projects planned identify practical solutions to problems
to continue through 1983 and 1985 are the study concerning the use and supply of energy to
of wake effects behind single-turbines and in small, isolated communities who experience
wind turbine parks and the study of local wind economic or technical difficulties in obtain
flow at potential WECS hill sites. ing supplies from a central source. Includes
technical innovations and improvements both
in alternative energy and conventional supply
1.1(33) LAYMAN'S GUIDE TO NEW AND RENEWABLE systems, and the development planning necessary
SOURCES OF ENERGY. PART 1 : BIOMASS, HYDROPOWER, to implement these.
OCEAN ENERGY AND TIDAL POWER.
Ponomaryov, B. and Ward, R. (U.N. Natural
Resources & Energy Div., New York, U.S.A.) 1.1(37) FREE AS THE WIND.
Intl. J. Sol. Energy,l (4) April 1983 Lee-Frampton, J. Int. Power Generation
pp. 293-310. 7 (7) September 1984 pp. 30-34.
Discusses the reasons behind increased Discusses two main obstacles which stand in
interest in the use of traditional renewable the path of cost-effective wind power;
sources of energy such as biomass, hydro and high-cost, low-efficiency wind turbines and
wind energy. An awareness has developed that low-cost, high-efficiency nuclear or fossil
there are other options for the older forms of fuels.
renewable energy which have not been widely
used plus the possibility of exploring and
exploiting heretofore unused forms of ocean 1.1(38) WIND POWER: A QUESTION OF SCALE.
and solar energy and this paper attempts to Moore, T. (Electric Power Research Inst.)
define and review the spectrum of new and EPRI J. 9 (4) May 1984 pp. 6-16.
renewable sources of energy, their products, Early operating experience with turbines of
options and their estimated costs, and is all sizes is highlighting the need for improved
included in the bibliography to complete the fundamental understanding of the effects of
reference to this U.N. research although complex wind dynamics on the structural loading
Part 2 concentrates on wind energy. and fatigue life of these machines. Reducing
such uncertainties will contribute toward
development of optimal-size, commercially
1.1(34) LAYMAN'S GUIDE TO NEW AND RENEWABLE competitive wind machines for bulk power
SOURCES OF ENERGY. PART 2 : SOLAR ENERGY, production.
WIND ENERGY, PRODUCTS AND OPTIONS OF ENERGY
USAGE.
Ponomaryov, B. and Ward, R. (U.N. Natural
Resources & Energy Div., New York, U.S.A.)
Intl. J. Sol. Energy, 1 (5) April 1983
pp. 379-397.
The authors focus on various available solar
and wind energy technologies with appropriate
applications and attempt to define and review
the spectrum of these renewable sources of
energy, their products, options and their
estimated costs. (155 refs.)
1.2.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES.
FEDERAL PROGRAMMES.
1.1(35) RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES.
1.2.1(1) CENTRALISED POWER.
Ramakumar, R. (Oklahoma State Univ.)
Messing, M., Friesema, H. and Morell, D.
IEEE Trans Power Apparatus & Systems, 102 (2)
Environmental Policy Inst. Report, March 1979
February 1983 pp. 502-510.
211 pp.
Considers the use of renewable energy sources
Effects of centralised and decentralised
in developing countries as an alternative to
electric generating systems on. the political
present methods of energy generation, causing
structures of local governments are presented
resource degradation and economic problems.
and evaluated. The electric utility industry is
Information on the absolute rural needs and the
profiled, and several case studies are included
priorities of use of presently generated energy
covering small, medium, large and alternative
is presented. The types of feasible energy
power plant systems for various communities.
systems, the benefits to be derived, and
Data on planning electric utility systems are
economic factors are examined. Includes wind
provided, and federal, state, and local controls
energy. (33 refs.)
on power plant siting and licensing are
detailed.
1.1(36) ENERGY FOR RURAL AND ISLAND
COMMUNITIES III. 1.2.1(2) DISPERSED, DECENTRALISED AND RENEWABLE
Proc. Third International Conference, ENERGY SOURCES ALTERNATIVES TO NATIONAL
Inverness, UK 12-16 Sept. 1983. VULNERABILITY AND WAR.
Twidell, J. et al (Eds.) Oxford, U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Report
Pergamon July 1984 468 pp. 2314-F, December 1980 340 pp.
6
U.S. reliance on imported fuel and centralised Questions the depth of the U.S. commitment in
energy production systems presents problems for developing international applications for
national security and 'emergency preparedness in renewable energy. It is crucial that the U.S.
the event of a nuclear crisis or war. The promote renewable energy and that developing
feasibility of using unconventional energy countries are not held back in doing so because
resources and alternative approaches to of a lack of affordable energy sources. The
vulnerable centralised energy supply systems to developing world provides an enormous market for
meet future U.S. energy requirements is such U.S.-developed technologies. The
examined. Dispersed and renewable energy devastating effects of overdeveloping certain
systems considered include small-scale, hvdro resources on the environment is pointed out and
electric power, solar heating and cooling, problems inherent in promoting renewable techno
solar thermal electricity, cogeneration, logies are discussed.
OTEC, solar photovoltaics, biomass energy,
geothermal energy, wind energy, wave energy,
load management and storage, energy conserv 1.2.1(7) REGIONAL AND COMMUNITY IMPACTS OF THE
ation, and fuel cells.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PILOT
PROGRAMME IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC.
Case, W. (Internat. Solar Energy Society) Paper
1.2.1(3) ENERGY PLANNING POLICIES OF THE presented at ISES-AS/Et Al 1980 Annual
AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION. Conference, Phoenix, Arizona 2-6 June 1980 V3.2
American Planning Association Report, April 1980 pp. 1309-1313.
7 pp. DOE has awarded 15 grants for solar energy
The Association supports the long-range goal projects in American Samoa, the Commonwealth of
of a shift to the use of renewable energy the Northern Marianas, Guam and the Trust
resources, primarily solar, to the maximum Territory of the Pacific. Projects include
extent possible and calls for strategies that solar water heating, solar greenhouses, solar
will manage current energy production and distillation, wind water pumping, and methane
consumption patterns through a much stronger digesters. Continuing technical assistance from
emphasis on conservation. Action 'and planning DOE and other agencies is recommended to ensure
at all levels of government is required and a the success of these solar ventures. (6 refs.)
diverse mix of energy sources, such as solar"
biomass, and wind energy, should be supported.
1.2.1(8) NEITHER SUN NOR WIND NOR TIDE WILL
REPLACE FOSSIL FUELS QUICKLY.
1.2.1(4) ENERGY STRATEGIES TOWARD A SOLAR FUTURE
Douglas, B. Cl'tnadian Petroleum, 22 (10)
(RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES).
October 1980 pp. 58-61.
Union of Concerned Scientists Report, 1980
Describes Canada's implementation of various
pp. 109-200.
R & Dprogrammes to develop solar, wind, and
Reviews major renewable energy resources.
other unconventional but renewable energy
available to the U.S. and technologies that are
resources. However, federal and private funds
either available or proposed for harnessing them.
allocated for such research are insufficient to
Solar radiation, solar neating and cooling, solar
make these forms available in the near future.
thermal electric -conversion, photovoltaics, wind
Forestry residues, solar heating and cooling,
energy, hydroelectric power, bioconversion, solar
wind energy, and hydroelectric power are being
satellite power stations, OTEC, ~.idal power, wave
developed to displace fossil fuels.
energy, and ocean current,energy are discussed.
Economic aspects and environmental impacts of
each of these resources and associated techno
1.2.1(9) PROJECTING AMERICA'S ENERGY FUTURE.
logies are considered. (156 refs.)
Dukert, J.M. Exxon, 19 (3) July-September
1980 pp. 27-31.
1.2.1(5) FEDERAL CONSERVATION is< RENEWABLE Unconventional resources, such as synthetic
ENERGY RESOURCE DIRECTORY. methane, shale oil, solar energy, and wind
(Department of Energy, U.S.) PaBer presented at energy,are likely to provide a sizeable
DOE Local Alternatjve Energy Futures Conference, proportion of U.S. energy by: 2004 and Government
Austin 11-13 December 1980 pp, 93-98. involvement in U.S. energy development is
Gives quick access to federal departments, expected to continue. Cooperation between the
agencies, congressional committees, and offices executive ,and legislative branche's of the,
of the President that have responsibilities in Government, world events, public attit'udes to
energy conservation and renewable resource specific energy technologies and to energy
development. Programmes are grouped into four conservation, the availability of energy
categories Outreach, R&D, Financial resources, and future population trends will all
Assistance, and Other Support Services. Bio affect the course of such developments.
conversion '. wind energy, and solar energy
projects are listed in the Directory.
1.2.1(10) THE RISK OF PRODUCING ENERGY.
Inhaber, H. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
1.2.1(6) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE Paper presented at Royal Society Assessment &
ENERGY RESOURCES,. Perception of Risk Conference, London
Senate Committee on Energy from Natural 12-13 November 1980 pp. 12>1-131.
Resources, Hearings 96 Con. 296-147, 19 August While studies seem to indicate that coal- and
& 5 September 1980 240 pp. oil~powered electricity poses more of a risk than