Wind Effects on Cable-Supported Bridges

771 Pages·2013·49.41 MB·english

by  You-Lin Xu

WIND EFFECTS ON
CABLE-SUPPORTED
BRIDGES
WIND EFFECTS ON
CABLE-SUPPORTED
BRIDGES
You-LinXu
TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,P.R.China
Thiseditionfirstpublished2013
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Xu,You-Lin,1952-
Windeffectsoncable-supportedbridges/You-LinXu.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-18828-6(cloth)
1. Cable-stayedbridges. 2. Wind-pressure. I. Title.
TG405.X8852013
624.2052–dc23
2012038933
ISBN:9781118188286
Setin9/11ptTimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
To
Wei-Jian,mywife;Anna,mydaughter
–Y.L.Xu
Contents
Foreword xxi
byAhsanKareem
Foreword xxiii
byHai-FanXiang
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
1 WindStormsandCable-SupportedBridges 1
1.1 Preview 1
1.2 BasicNotionsofMeteorology 1
1.2.1 GlobalWindCirculations 1
1.2.2 PressureGradientForce 3
1.2.3 CoriolisForce 3
1.2.4 GeostrophicWind 3
1.2.5 GradientWind 4
1.2.6 FrictionalEffects 5
1.3 BasicTypesofWindStorms 6
1.3.1 GalesfromLargeDepressions 6
1.3.2 Monsoons 6
1.3.3 TropicalCyclones(HurricanesorTyphoons) 7
1.3.4 Thunderstorms 8
1.3.5 Downbursts 9
1.3.6 Tornadoes 10
1.3.7 DownslopeWinds 11
1.4 BasicTypesofCable-SupportedBridges 11
1.4.1 MainFeaturesofCable-SupportedBridges 11
1.4.2 SuspensionBridges 12
1.4.3 Cable-StayedBridges 13
1.4.4 HybridCable-SupportedBridges 15
1.5 WindDamagetoCable-SupportedBridges 16
1.5.1 SuspensionBridges 16
1.5.2 Cable-StayedBridges 17
1.5.3 StayCables 18
1.5.4 RoadVehiclesRunningonBridge 19
viii Contents
1.6 HistoryofBridgeAerodynamics 19
1.7 OrganizationofthisBook 21
1.8 Notations 22
References 22
2 WindCharacteristicsinAtmosphericBoundaryLayer 25
2.1 Preview 25
2.2 TurbulentWindsinAtmosphericBoundaryLayer 25
2.3 MeanWindSpeedProfiles 27
2.3.1 The“LogarithmicLaw” 28
2.3.2 The“PowerLaw” 30
2.3.3 MeanWindSpeedProfileOverOcean 30
2.3.4 MeanWindSpeedProfileinTropicalCyclone 31
2.4 WindTurbulence 31
2.4.1 StandardDeviations 31
2.4.2 TurbulenceIntensities 32
2.4.3 TimeScalesandIntegralLengthScales 33
2.4.4 ProbabilityDensityFunctions 34
2.4.5 PowerSpectralDensityFunctions 35
2.4.6 CovarianceandCorrelation 36
2.4.7 Cross-SpectrumandCoherence 37
2.4.8 GustWindSpeedandGustFactor 38
2.5 TerrainandTopographicEffects 40
2.5.1 ChangeofSurfaceRoughness 40
2.5.2 AmplificationofWindbyHills 40
2.5.3 AmplificationFactorandSpeed-upRatio 42
2.5.4 FunnelingEffect 42
2.6 DesignWindSpeeds 43
2.6.1 ExceedanceProbabilityandReturnPeriod 43
2.6.2 ProbabilityDistributionFunction 44
2.6.3 GeneralizedExtremeValueDistribution 45
2.6.4 ExtremeWindEstimationbytheGumbelDistribution 45
2.6.5 ExtremeWindEstimationbytheMethodofMoments 46
2.6.6 DesignLifespanandRisk 47
2.6.7 ParentWindDistribution 48
2.7 DirectionalPreferenceofHighWinds 48
2.8 CaseStudy:TsingMaBridgeSite 49
2.8.1 AnemometersinWASHMS 50
2.8.2 TyphoonWindCharacteristics 51
2.8.3 MonsoonWindandJointProbabilityDensityFunction 54
2.9 Notations 57
References 58
3 MeanWindLoadandAerostaticInstability 61
3.1 Preview 61
3.2 MeanWindLoadandForceCoefficients 61
3.2.1 Bernoulli’sEquationandWindPressure 61
3.2.2 MeanWindLoad 62
3.2.3 WindForceCoefficients 63
3.3 TorsionalDivergence 63
Contents ix
3.4 3-DAerostaticInstabilityAnalysis 66
3.5 FiniteElementModelingofLong-SpanCable-SupportedBridges 67
3.5.1 TheoreticalBackground 68
3.5.2 SpineBeamModel 68
3.5.3 Multi-ScaleModel 69
3.5.4 ModelingofCables 71
3.6 MeanWindResponseAnalysis 73
3.6.1 DeterminationofReferencePosition 73
3.6.2 MeanWindResponseAnalysis 73
3.7 CaseStudy:StonecuttersBridge 74
3.7.1 MainFeaturesofStonecuttersBridge 74
3.7.2 FiniteElementModelingofStonecuttersBridge 75
3.7.3 AerodynamicCoefficientsofBridgeComponents 78
3.7.4 MeanWindResponseAnalysis 78
3.8 Notations 80
References 80
4 Wind-InducedVibrationandAerodynamicInstability 83
4.1 Preview 83
4.2 Vortex-InducedVibration 84
4.2.1 ReynoldsNumberandVortexShedding 84
4.2.2 StrouhalNumberandLock-In 85
4.2.3 Vortex-InducedVibration 86
4.3 GallopingInstability 88
4.3.1 GallopingMechanism 88
4.3.2 CriterionforGallopingInstability 90
4.3.3 WakeGalloping 90
4.4 FlutterAnalysis 91
4.4.1 Introduction 91
4.4.2 Self-ExcitedForcesandAerodynamicDerivatives 92
4.4.3 TheodorsenCirculatoryFunction 93
4.4.4 1-DFlutterAnalysis 94
4.4.5 2-DFlutterAnalysis 95
4.4.6 3-DFlutterAnalysisintheFrequencyDomain 96
4.4.7 FlutterAnalysisintheTimeDomain 101
4.5 BuffetingAnalysisintheFrequencyDomain 101
4.5.1 Background 101
4.5.2 BuffetingForcesandAerodynamicAdmittances 101
4.5.3 3-DBuffetingAnalysisintheFrequencyDomain 103
4.6 SimulationofStationaryWindField 107
4.7 BuffetingAnalysisintheTimeDomain 109
4.8 EffectiveStaticLoadingDistributions 112
4.8.1 GustResponseFactorandPeakFactor 112
4.8.2 EffectiveStaticLoadingDistributions 113
4.9 CaseStudy:StonecuttersBridge 115
4.9.1 DynamicandAerodynamicCharacteristicsofStonecuttersBridge 115
4.9.2 FlutterAnalysisofStonecuttersBridge 115
4.9.3 BuffetingAnalysisofStonecuttersBridge 120
4.10 Notations 126
References 129
x Contents
5 Wind-InducedVibrationofStayCables 131
5.1 Preview 131
5.2 FundamentalsofCableDynamics 131
5.2.1 VibrationofaTautString 132
5.2.2 VibrationofanInclinedCablewithSag 133
5.3 Wind-InducedCableVibrations 136
5.3.1 BuffetingbyWindTurbulence 136
5.3.2 Vortex-InducedVibration 136
5.3.3 GallopingofDryInclinedCables 137
5.3.4 WakeGallopingforGroupsofCables 138
5.4 MechanismofRain-Wind-InducedCableVibration 138
5.4.1 Background 138
5.4.2 AnalyticalModelofSDOF 139
5.4.3 HorizontalCylinderwithFixedRivulet 144
5.4.4 InclinedCylinderwithMovingRivulet 147
5.4.5 AnalyticalModelof2DOF 150
5.5 PredictionofRain-Wind-InducedCableVibration 151
5.5.1 AnalyticalModelforFull-ScaleStayCables 152
5.5.2 PredictionofRain-Wind-InducedVibrationofFull-ScaleStayCable 154
5.5.3 ParameterStudies 156
5.6 OccurrenceProbabilityofRain-Wind-InducedCableVibration 158
5.6.1 JointProbabilityDensityFunction(JPDF)ofWindSpeedandDirection 159
5.6.2 ProbabilityDensityFunctionofRainfallIntensity 161
5.6.3 OccurrenceRangeofRain-Wind-InducedCableVibration 161
5.6.4 OccurrenceProbabilityofRain-Wind-InducedCableVibration 162
5.7 CaseStudy:StonecuttersBridge 163
5.7.1 StatisticalAnalysisofWindData 163
5.7.2 JointProbabilityDensityFunctionofWindSpeedandWindDirection 165
5.7.3 StatisticalAnalysisofRainfallData 167
5.7.4 ProbabilityDensityFunctionofRainfallIntensity 170
5.7.5 OccurrenceRangeofRain-Wind-InducedCableVibration 170
5.7.6 HourlyOccurrenceProbabilityandAnnualRisk 173
5.8 Notations 173
References 175
6 Wind-Vehicle-BridgeInteraction 177
6.1 Preview 177
6.2 Wind-RoadVehicleInteraction 178
6.2.1 Wind-InducedVehicleAccidents 178
6.2.2 ModelingofRoadVehicle 178
6.2.3 ModelingofRoadSurfaceRoughness 179
6.2.4 AerodynamicForcesandMomentsonRoadVehicle 180
6.2.5 GoverningEquationsofMotionofRoadVehicle 182
6.2.6 CaseStudy 186
6.2.7 EffectsofRoadSurfaceRoughness 188
6.2.8 EffectsofVehicleSuspensionSystem 192
6.2.9 AccidentVehicleSpeed 193
6.3 FormulationofWind-RoadVehicle-BridgeInteraction 196
6.3.1 EquationsofMotionofCoupledRoadVehicle-BridgeSystem 196
6.3.2 EquationsofMotionofCoupledWind-RoadVehicle-BridgeSystem 198
Contents xi
6.4 SafetyAnalysisofRoadVehiclesonTingKauBridgeunderCrosswind 200
6.4.1 TingKauBridge 200
6.4.2 WindForcesonBridge 201
6.4.3 ScenarioforExtremeCaseStudy 202
6.4.4 DynamicResponseofHigh-SidedRoadVehicle 203
6.4.5 AccidentVehicleSpeed 204
6.4.6 ComparisonofSafetyofRoadVehicleRunningonBridgeandGround 205
6.5 FormulationofWind-RailwayVehicleInteraction 206
6.5.1 ModelingofVehicleSubsystem 207
6.5.2 ModelingofTrackSubsystem 209
6.5.3 WheelandRailInteraction 209
6.5.4 RailIrregularity 211
6.5.5 WindForcesonGroundRailwayVehicles 212
6.5.6 NumericalSolution 215
6.6 SafetyandRideComfortofGroundRailwayVehicleunderCrosswind 217
6.6.1 VehicleandTrackModels 217
6.6.2 WindForcesonRailwayVehicle 218
6.6.3 RailIrregularity 220
6.6.4 ResponseofCoupledVehicle-TrackSysteminCrosswind 221
6.6.5 SafetyandRideComfortPerformance 221
6.7 Wind-RailwayVehicle-BridgeInteraction 228
6.7.1 FormulationofWind-RailwayVehicle-BridgeInteraction 228
6.7.2 EngineeringApproachforDeterminingWindForcesonMovingVehicle 229
6.7.3 CaseStudy 230
6.8 Notations 234
References 238
7 WindTunnelStudies 241
7.1 Preview 241
7.2 BoundaryLayerWindTunnels 241
7.2.1 Open-CircuitWindTunnel 242
7.2.2 Closed-CircuitWindTunnel 243
7.2.3 ActivelyControlledWindTunnel 244
7.3 ModelScalingRequirements 244
7.3.1 GeneralModelScalingRequirements 244
7.3.2 NotesonModelScalingRequirements 245
7.3.3 BlockageConsideration 246
7.4 BoundaryWindSimulation 247
7.4.1 NaturalGrowthMethod 247
7.4.2 AugmentedMethod 247
7.4.3 ActivelyControlledGridsandSpires 249
7.4.4 ActivelyControlledMultipleFans 251
7.4.5 TopographicModels 252
7.4.6 InstrumentationforWindMeasurementinWindTunnel 253
7.5 SectionModelTests 254
7.5.1 ModelsandScaling 254
7.5.2 SectionModelTestsforForceCoefficients 255
7.5.3 SectionModelTestsforFlutterDerivativesandVortex-InducedVibration 256
7.5.4 SectionModelTestswithPressureMeasurements 257
7.5.5 SectionModelTestsforAerodynamicAdmittance 258
xii Contents
7.6 TautStripModelTests 258
7.7 FullAeroelasticModelTests 259
7.8 IdentificationofFlutterDerivatives 260
7.8.1 FreeVibrationTestofSectionModel 260
7.8.2 ForcedVibrationTestofSectionModel 263
7.8.3 FreeVibrationTestofTautStripModelandFullAeroelasticModel 265
7.9 IdentificationofAerodynamicAdmittance 266
7.10 CableModelTests 268
7.10.1 InclinedDryCableTests 268
7.10.2 Rain-WindSimulationofInclinedStayCable 272
7.11 Vehicle-BridgeModelTests 274
7.11.1 VehiclesonGround 275
7.11.2 StationaryVehicleonBridgeDeck 279
7.11.3 MovingVehicleonBridgeDeck 282
7.12 Notations 283
References 285
8 ComputationalWindEngineering 289
8.1 Preview 289
8.2 GoverningEquationsofFluidFlow 289
8.2.1 MassConservation 289
8.2.2 MomentumConservation 290
8.2.3 EnergyConservationandNewtonianFlow 291
8.2.4 Navier-StokesEquations 292
8.2.5 GoverningEquationsofWindFlow 292
8.2.6 VorticityDescriptionofNavier-StokesEquations 293
8.3 TurbulenceanditsModeling 293
8.3.1 DirectNumericalSimulation 293
8.3.2 ReynoldsAveragedMethod 294
8.3.3 LargeEddySimulation 300
8.3.4 DetachedEddySimulation 303
8.3.5 DiscreteVortexMethod 304
8.4 NumericalConsiderations 304
8.4.1 FiniteDifferenceMethod 305
8.4.2 FiniteElementMethod 307
8.4.3 FiniteVolumeMethod 309
8.4.4 SolutionAlgorithmsforPressure-VelocityCouplinginSteadyFlows 311
8.4.5 SolutionforUnsteadyFlows 314
8.4.6 BoundaryConditions 315
8.4.7 GridGeneration 315
8.4.8 ComputingTechniques 317
8.4.9 VerificationandValidation 319
8.4.10 ApplicationsinBridgeWindEngineering 319
8.5 CFDforForceCoefficientsofBridgeDeck 319
8.5.1 ComputationalDomain 319
8.5.2 Meshing 320
8.5.3 BoundaryConditionsandNumericalMethod 321
8.5.4 AerodynamicForceCoefficientsandFlowField 321