Wind and seismic effects

736 Pages·1994·43.4 MB·English

by  Raufaste, Noel J.

Wind and Seismic Effects
Proceedings of the 26th Joint Meeting
NIST SP 871
.U57
NO. 871
1994
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Wind
and
Seismic
Effects
NIST SP 871
PROCEEDINGS OF
THE 26TH JOINT
MEETING OF
THE U.S.-JAPAN
COOPERATIVE PROGRAM
IN NATURAL RESOURCES
PANEL ON WIND AND
SEISMIC EFFECTS
Issued September 1994
Noel J. Raufaste,
EDITOR
Building and Fire Research Laboratory
National Institute of Standards andTechnology
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Ronald H. Brown, Secretary
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
Mary L. Good, Under Secretary forTechnology
National Institute of Standards andTechnology
Arati Prabhakar, Director
National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 871
Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 871, 695 pages (Sept. 1994)
CODEN: NSPUE2
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1994
For sale by the Superintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
PREFACE
This publication is Proceedings of the 26th Joint Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Panel on Wind
and Seismic Effects. The meeting was held at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland during 17-20 May 1994. Forty-five papers were
authored~23 by U.S. members and 22 by Japanese. Thirty-four papers were presented
orally. The papers were organized into six themes: Wind Engineering; Earthquake
Engineering; Storm Surge and Tsunamis; Northridge Southern California and Hokkaido
Nansei-Oki Japan Earthquakes; Summary of Joint Cooperative Research Programs; and
Report of Task Committee Workshops conducted during the past year.
BACKGROUND
Responding to the need for improved engineering and scientific practices through exchange
of technical data and information, research personnel, and research equipment, the United
States and Japan in 1961 created the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program. Three
collateral programs comprise the Cooperative Science Program. The U.S.-Japan Cooperative
Program in Natural Resources (UJNR), one of the three, was created in January 1964. The
objective of UJNR is to exchange information on research results and exchange scientists and
engineers in the area of natural resources for the benefit of both countries. UJNR is
composed of 16 Panels each responsible for specific technical subjects.
The Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects was established in 1969. Seventeen U.S. and six
Japanese agencies participate with representatives of private sector organizations to develop
and exchange technologies aimed at reducing damages from high winds, earthquakes, storm
surge, and tsunamis. This work is produced through collaboration between U.S. and
Japanese member researchers working in 10 task committees. Each committee focuses on
specific technical issues, e.g., earthquake strong motion data. The Panel provides the
vehicle to exchange technical data and information on design and construction of civil
engineering lifelines, buildings, and waterfront structures, and to exchange high wind and
seismic measurement records. Annual meetings alternate between Japan and the United
States (odd numbered years in Japan; even numbered years in the United States). These one-
week technical meetings provide the forum to discuss ongoing research and research results;
one-week technical study tours follow the meetings.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides the U.S.-side chair and
secretariat. The Public Works Research Institute (PWRI), Japan, provides the Japan side
chair and secretariat.
Cooperative research is performed through formal Panel Programs. In 1981, cooperative
research in Large-Scale Testing was started under the auspices of the Panel. Also in 1981,
joint research on Reinforced Concrete Structures was initiated. Full-scale testing was
performed at the Building Research Institute (BRI), one of the six Japanese member
organizations, with supporting tests in Japan and in the United States. Two years later, a
joint research program on Steel Structures was initiated. Full-scale testing again was led by
BRI with supporting tests in the United States and Japan. The U.S.-Japan coordinated
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program for Masonry Building Research was started in 1985. A U.S.-Japan coordinated
program on Precast Seismic Structural Systems was initiated in 1991. A joint program on
Seismic Performance of Composite and Hybrid Structures was initiated in 1993. In 1994, a
joint program was initiated on Physical and Numerical Simulation of Structural Damages Due
to Liquefaction and Development of Countermeasure Techniques.
Task Committee meetings, exchanges of data and information through technical presentations
at annual Panel meetings, exchanges of guest researchers, visits to respective research
laboratories and informal interactions between Panel meetings, joint workshops and seminars,
and joint cooperative research programs all contribute to the development and effective
delivery of knowledge that has influenced design and construction practices in both countries.
Guest research exchanges have advanced the state of technology in areas of steel, concrete,
and masonry structures under seismic forces; developed techniques to analyze risks from
liquefaction; modeled water seepage in dam foundations; performed comparative analyses of
seismic design of U.S. and Japanese bridges.
Direct communication between counterpart country organizations is the cornerstone of the
Panel. Effective information exchanges and exchanges of personnel and equipment have
strengthened domestic programs of both countries. There are opportunities for experts in
various technical fields to get to know their foreign counterparts, conduct informal
exchanges, bring their respective views to the frontiers of knowledge, and advance
knowledge of their specialties.
The Panel's activities resulted in improved building and bridge standards and codes and
design and construction practices in hydraulic structures in both countries, for example:
created and exchanged digitized earthquake records used as the basis of design and
research for Japan and the United States;
transferred earthquake engineering information and strong-motion measurement
techniques for use by seismically active countries, e.g., Australia, Canada, Italy,
Mexico, Peru, Taiwan, Turkey, and North Africa;
produced data that advanced retrofit techniques for bridge structures;
developed field test data for use in aerodynamic retrofit of bridge structures;
produced full-scale test data that advanced seismic design standards for buildings;
advanced technology for repairing and strengthening reinforced concrete, steel, and
masonry structures;
improved in-situ measurement methods for soil liquefaction and stability under
seismic loads;
created a database comparing Japanese and U.S. standard penetration tests to improve
prediction of soil liquefaction;
created database on storm surge and tsunamis and verified mathematical models of
tsunami and storm surge warning systems;
established a library resource of current research on wind and earthquake engineering
and on storm surge and tsunamis;
published proceedings of Panel meetings, Task Committee Workshops, and special
publications such as List of Panel Publications and translated two-volume series on
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earthquake resistant construction using base isolation systems;
gained better knowledge of both countries' research, design, and construction
capabilities from indepth visits to host country's laboratories and building and public
works projects. Results of such visits contribute to creation of new Task Committees,
agendas for Joint Panel meetings and task committee workshops, special visits of
U.S.-Japan researches, and joint collaborative research.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TECHNICAL SITE VISITS
Eight technical sites were visited at five locations. A summary of the visits follow.
MP
GAITHERSBURG.
1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)1 The delegation was
.
provided an overview of the Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL); tours of
BFRL's structures, materials, environmental, and fire facilities; NIST's Research Reactor
and its Cold Neutron Source of the NIST Materials and Engineering Laboratory; and an
overview of the NIST Advanced Technology Program.
The mission of NIST is to promote U.S. economic growth by working with industry to
develop and apply technology, measurements, and standards. BFRL, one of eight
Laboratories making up NIST, increases the competitiveness of industry and public safety
through performance prediction and measurement technologies and technical advances that
improve the life cycle quality of constructed facilities. BFRL's efforts are closely
coordinated with complementary activities of industry, professional and trade organizations,
academe, and other agencies of government. The vision for BFRL, the structure of its
technical programs, and the determination and timing of its technical products are based on
analyses of industry needs and BFRL's own unique resources and capabilities.
Annually, BFRL publishes over 200 reports describing research findings from its over 150
research projects. Its projects, list of publications, impacts of its research, and examples of
how BFRL serves its customers are summarized in four companion reports Projects '94;
Publications '93; Impacts; and NISTBuilding and Fire Research Laboratory - Collaborating
With Our Customers.
BFRL's laboratory facilities include: six-degree-of-freedom structural testing facility; large-
MN
scale structural testing facility with the 53 (12-million pound) universal structural testing
machine; environmental chambers; guarded hot-plate; calibrated hot-box; plumbing tower;
building materials imaging and modeling laboratory; large burn facility for conducting
experimental fires in full-scale and related combustion toxicity facility, large industrial fire
test facilities, fire suppression test facilities; and a fire simulation laboratory.
For further information about NIST's work, contact Noel Raufaste, Secretary-General UJNR Panel on Wind and
Seismic Effects and Head, CooperativeResearch Programs, NIST on facsimile 301-975-4032 or e-mail,
[email protected].
V
In the Structures Division, the delegation was provided a summary of BFRL's research on
earthquake hazards reduction. Analytical and experimental studies are performed on seismic
behavior of masonry structures, seismic resistance of precast structures, residual strength and
energy absorbing resistance of precast concrete structures, strengthening methodologies for
buildings and bridge substructures, and performance requirements for passive and active
energy dissipation systems for buildings and lifeline structures. BFRL is mandated to
perform post-disaster investigations; the findings are used to develop the most probable
technical causes of failures and to improve seismic design and construction of buildings and
structures against future earthquakes.
In the Building Materials Division, the delegation was provided a summary of work on the
development of methods to determine the quality and prediction of service lives of organic
building materials. Research includes identifying degradation mechanisms, improving
characterizing methods, and developing mathematical models of the degradation processes.
Research was discussed on developing computer models that simulate the development of the
microstructure of concrete during the setting process. Such models are used to predict
concrete performance, strength, and durability. The delegation discussed BFRL work in
HWYCON,
developing prototype expert systems such as an interactive expert system
designed to help highway inspectors and engineers diagnose problems, select materials for
construction, and repair highways and highway structures.
In the Building Environment Division, green technologies research was highlighted. BFRL
is exploring the use of refrigerant mixtures to improve the efficiency of refrigeration cycles
and to replace harmful chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants that damage the ozone layer of the
upper atmosphere. In a related area, the delegation toured BFRL's controls laboratory.
With the aid of a computerized energy monitoring and control system, this laboratory
performs fundamental research on heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) control
systems, on control dynamics, and on adaptive optimization techniques. It uses a
computerized energy monitoring and control system with BFRL software, which controls an
air handler, a building, a heating/cooling plant, and a laboratory test facility for evaluating
the performance of conventional and advanced HVAC/control systems. BFRL is fostering
the development of more intelligent, integrated, and optimized building mechanical systems.
A dynamic building/heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning control system simulation
program is used to study HVAC/control system dynamics and interactions. Research
addresses the development, evaluation, and testing of communication protocol standards for
the open exchange of information between equipment from different vendors and between
different control levels in hierarchical and distributed building management systems. Results
HVAC
from this research serve as a basis for standards to assist the control system
manufacturers to develop interoperable systems and methods for testing conformance to the
standards.
In the Fire Safety Engineering Division, the delegation was exposed to its experimental
research on pool burning. This research addresses the characterization of the physical and
chemical properties of pool-burning flames as a function of pool diameter and liquid-fuel
molecular structure. The experimental program consists of measurements of flame
temperature, velocities, chemical-species composition, particulate characteristics, radiative-
vi
transfer characteristics, and energy feedback from the flame to the liquid fuel. A
demonstration was provided featuring a turbulent spray burner used to determine the fire
suppression capabilities of different gaseous agents, considered for possible halon
replacement (known to deplete stratospheric ozone).
The delegation visited NIST's 20-MW research reactor -- a national center for the application
of reactor radiation to a variety of problems. Each year, over 700 people from industry,
universities, and other government agencies use the experimental facilities at the reactor to
perform collaborative and independent research projects. For example, researchers are using
neutrons produced by the reactor to study the structural properties of the new high-
temperature superconductors and to determine how these properties are changed and related
to material processing. The Cold Neutron Facility makes a world-class, fully instrumented
laboratory for cold neutron research easily available for the first time to U.S. scientists
working in advanced materials science, chemistry, and biology. The measurement
capabilities of this facility are being used in a NIST Advanced Technology Program project
which aims to improve the properties while reducing the cost of finished ceramics. These
parts have a range of applications in a variety of industries, from high heat load engines to
electronic components.
At the end of the day, NIST's Advanced Technology Program (ATP) was presented to the
delegation. ATP promotes rapid commercialization of new scientific discoveries. ATP
provides technology development funding for high risk technologies through cooperative
research agreements to single businesses or industry joint ventures. ATP supports
development of laboratory prototypes and proof of technical feasibility but not project
development or proof of commercial feasibility. ATP provides matching funds annually for
up to 5 years, not to exceed 50% of the total research.
BOSTON. MA
2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Construction Research and
Education (CCRE)~. CCRE performs nonclassical civil engineering classwork and
contracted research directed at helping construction firms identify barriers to improving their
construction practices and recommending methods to resolve barriers. Examples of work
include developing procedures that forecast size of construction markets, identify pitfalls to
performing successful construction practices, predict liability issues, develop construction
management techniques and environmental technologies such as hazardous waste reduction
including management of solid waste reduction, waste water treatments and airborne
pollution. Work in geotechnical engineering addresses fluid transport of toxic materials in
water, earth, and rock, and work in structures and materials include composites, fiber
reinforced ceramics, NDEs for remote sensing of bridge decks and leaks in piping. CCRE's
work in intelligent highway vehicle systems (IHVS) Traffic Management Systems centers on
integrating those advanced technologies, developed for other industry applications, that have
potential to improve design and construction practices.
Dr. Fred Moavenzadeh, Director, Center for Construction Rcsearcli and Education hosted the delegation.
vii
CCRE is developing a Consortium for Infrastructure Development composed of 10 U.S.
firms to understand how different technologies interact within the infrastructure. CCRE
predicts infrastructure will be the next major U.S. design and construction challenge.
CCRE is part of the Pierce Laboratory, one of two Laboratories of the Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering. It annually perform $10 million of contract research mostly
from the Federal Government. Their links with design and construction experts domestically
and internationally are strong and effective. Their outreach includes planning seminars and
conferences with domestic and foreign public and private construction organizations, hosting
foreign students and faculty and industry professionals to work on specific projects, sending
MIT students and faculty to U.S. construction firms and to other country laboratories, and
publishing a quarterly newsletter, Construction.
3. Central Artery (1-93)/ Tunnel (1-90) Project (CA/T) This construction project will
.
replace Boston's 40 year old elevated Central Artery with a widened and mostly underground
8-10 lane interstate highway through downtown Boston and an east/west Seaport Access Road
(tunnel) through South Boston to Logan Airport in the Third Boston Harbor Tunnel. CA/T
is under the direction of the Massachusetts Highway Department. Bechtel/Parsons
Brinckeroff are prime contractors managing CA/T's design and construction. Boston
designed their expressways in the 1950s to serve 75 K vehicles per day. Today it is
overloaded and inefficiently serves 190 K vehicles daily. The new expressway is expected to
accommodate 240 K vehicles daily. CA/T is the last link in the U.S. interstate highway
system; 12 km of urban highway, about 1/2 (5.6 km) in cut-and-cover tunnels. The overall
project is expected to cost $7.7 billion; 85% paid by Federal funds and 15% by State monies
derived from gasoline taxes and bonds.
The delegation visited the site of the 3rd Boston Harbor Tunnel. The actual construction for
this part of the CA/T Project began in September 1991 with the arrival of the huge Harbor
dredge "superscoop." The Boston Harbor crossing consisted of placing 12 double-boxed
immersed tubes in a 15 m deep by 30 m wide by 1.2 km long trench under Boston Harbor.
The associated east and south Boston land based cut and cover tunnel approaches to these
tubes will be completed at the end of 1995 in time for the Project's first phase opening in
December 1995.
Modern Continental/Obayashi4 the subcontractors to the Logan Airport end of the Third
,
Boston Harbor Tunnel, hosted this portion of the visit. The exit ramp required over
370 000 m3 of concrete and 900 000 m3 of material were excavated. The cut walls were
stabilized using a Japanese technique of soil/concrete mix of compressive strength about
300 Pa. Tie-backs range from 24 to 35 m in length. Soil from this site and other
construction sites are transported to several islands in the Boston Harbor for future use as
parks. Boston citizens hope the largest Island, Spectacle Island, when completed will be
designated a National Park. The construction cost for this section is about $246 million.
Richard A. Jarvis, Public Outreach Coordinator hosted the delegation.
John Pastore, Assistant Project Manager hosted the delegation.
viii