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Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports PDF

363 Pages·2017·5.9 MB·English
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UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff NNeebbrraasskkaa -- LLiinnccoollnn DDiiggiittaallCCoommmmoonnss@@UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff NNeebbrraasskkaa -- LLiinnccoollnn USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service July 2005 WWiillddlliiffee HHaazzaarrdd MMaannaaggeemmeenntt aatt AAiirrppoorrttss:: AA MMaannuuaall ffoorr AAiirrppoorrtt PPeerrssoonnnneell Edward C. Cleary Staff Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration Richard A. Dolbeer National Coordinator, Airports Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Cleary, Edward C. and Dolbeer, Richard A., "Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports: A Manual for Airport Personnel" (2005). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 133. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/133 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports A Manual for Airport Personnel Prepared by Edward C. Cleary Richard A. Dolbeer Staff Wildlife Biologist National Coordinator, Airports Program U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Agriculture Federal Aviation Administration Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Office of Airport Safety and Standards Wildlife Services 800 Independence Avenue 6100 Columbus Avenue Washington, DC 20591, USA Sandusky, OH 44870, USA Second Edition, July 2005 The Federal Aviation Administration, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, produced the second edition of this manual. The first edition was published December 1999. The U.S. Departments of Transportation and Agriculture prohibit discrimination in all their programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status (not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact one of the authoring agencies. i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF CHAPTERS ....................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................x LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................................xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................137 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS AND WEB SITES .......................................................139 GLOSSARY...............................................................................................................143 ACRONYMS..............................................................................................................149 APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................151 ii Table of Contents LIST OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE WILDLIFE STRIKE PROBLEM.....................1 CHAPTER 2: THE FAA NATIONAL WILDLIFE STRIKE DATABASE FOR CIVIL AVIATION....................................................................................................5 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.2 Reporting wildlife strikes..............................................................................6 2.3 Management of the database......................................................................6 2.4 Use of and access to information in the database.......................................7 2.5 Summary of wildlife strike records, 1990-2003............................................8 2.5.a Strike frequency..........................................................................9 2.5.b Types of wildlife involved...........................................................13 2.5.c Characteristics of strikes...........................................................13 2.5.d Aircraft components struck and damaged.................................13 2.5.e Effects of wildlife strikes on aircraft and flights..........................14 2.6 Selected examples of wildlife strikes.........................................................17 2.7 Conclusions...............................................................................................22 CHAPTER 3: AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS IMPACTING WILDLIFE HAZARD MANAGEMENT ON AIRPORTS................................................23 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................23 3.2 Federal agencies.......................................................................................24 3.2.a U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration............................................................................24 3.2.a.i Mission................................................................................24 3.2.a.ii Authority..............................................................................24 3.2.a.iii Role and responsibility........................................................24 3.2.a.iii.a Office of Airport Safety and Standards......................................24 3.2.a.iii.b Wildlife hazard assessments.....................................................25 3.2.a.iii.c Wildlife hazard management plans ...........................................25 3.2.a.iii.d Advisory Circulars (150/5200 Series)........................................25 3.2.b U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services.....................26 3.2.b.i Mission................................................................................26 3.2.b.ii Authority..............................................................................26 3.2.b.iii Role and responsibility........................................................26 3.2.c U.S. Department Of Defense.....................................................27 3.2.c.i Mission................................................................................27 3.2.c.ii Authority..............................................................................27 3.2.c.iii Role and responsibility........................................................27 3.2.d U.S. Army Corps of Engineers..................................................28 Table of Contents List of Chapters iii 3.2.d.i Mission................................................................................28 3.2.d.ii Authority..............................................................................28 3.2.d.iii Role and responsibility........................................................28 3.2.e U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .....................................28 3.2.e.i Mission................................................................................28 3.2.e.ii Authority..............................................................................28 3.2.e.iii Role and responsibility........................................................28 3.2.e.iii.a Landfills.....................................................................................29 3.2.e.iii.b Pesticides..................................................................................29 3.2.f U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service......29 3.2.f.i Mission................................................................................29 3.2.f.ii Authority..............................................................................29 3.2.f.iii Role and responsibility........................................................30 3.3 State agencies...........................................................................................30 3.3.a State wildlife management agencies.........................................30 3.3.b State environmental protection agencies ..................................31 3.3.b.i Landfill siting permits and inspections.................................31 3.3.b.ii Pesticide registration...........................................................31 3.3.b.iii Pesticide applicator licensing..............................................31 3.4 Airports......................................................................................................31 3.4.a Airport operator.........................................................................31 3.4.b Air Traffic Control......................................................................32 3.4.c Pilots .........................................................................................32 3.5 Bird Strike Committee - USA.....................................................................33 CHAPTER 4: FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND DEPARTMENTAL POLICIES IMPACTING AIRPORT WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT..................................35 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................35 4.2 Summary of applicable federal regulations................................................36 4.2.a Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, part 139........................36 4.2.b Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, part 258.10...................36 4.2.c Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations, parts 1 to 199...............36 4.2.c.i Depredation permitting requirements and procedures........37 4.2.c.ii Standing depredation orders...............................................37 4.2.d The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, as amended (U.S. Code 603-711; 40 Statute 755)........................................38 4.2.e The Animal Damage Control Act of 1931, as amended (7 U.S. Code 426-426c; 46 Statute 1468).................................38 4.2.f Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7 U.S. Code 136; Public Law 104.317)....................39 iv List of Chapters Table of Contents 4.3 Departmental policies................................................................................39 4.3.a FAA Advisory Circulars .............................................................39 4.3.a.i 150/5200-32A. Reporting wildlife aircraft strikes................39 4.3.a.i 150/5200-33A. Hazardous wildlife attractants on or near airports................................................................................39 4.3.a.ii 150/5200-34. Construction or establishment of landfills near public airports.............................................................40 4.3.b FAA, Airports Division: Airport Certification Program Policies and Guidance............................................................................40 4.3.b.i Policy No. 77. Initiation of wildlife hazard assessments at airports............................................................................40 4.3.b.ii Policy No. 78. Section 7 consultation on endangered or threatened species..............................................................40 4.3.b.iii Policy No. 79. Review of airport wildlife hazard management plans.............................................................40 4.3.b.iv Policy No. 82. Waste disposal facility coordination............41 4.3.c FAA, Airports Division, Office of Airport Safety and Standards, Certalerts relating to airport wildlife management...41 4.3.c.i Certalert No. 98-05. Grasses attractive to hazardous wildlife.................................................................................41 4.3.c.ii Certalert No. 04-09. The relationship between FAA and USDA/WS...........................................................................41 4.3.c.iii Certalert No 04-16. Deer hazards to aviation and deer fencing................................................................................41 4.3.d USDA, Wildlife Services Directive 2.305, Wildlife Hazards To Aviation .....................................................................................41 4.3.e Memorandum of Understanding: FAA and USDA/WS..............42 4.3.f Interagency Memorandum of Agreement..................................42 CHAPTER 5: RECOGNIZING HAZARDOUS WILDLIFE ATTRACTANTS ON OR NEAR AIRPORTS .....................................................................................43 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................43 5.2 Separation criteria for hazardous wildlife attractants on or near airports...44 5.2.a Airports serving piston-powered aircraft....................................44 5.2.b Airports serving turban-powered aircraft ...................................44 5.2.c Protection of approach or departure airspace...........................45 5.3 Land-use practices that potentially attract hazardous wildlife....................45 5.3.a Waste disposal operations........................................................45 5.3.a.i Siting new municipal solid waste landfills subject to AIR 21........................................................................................45 5.3.a.ii Siting new municipal solid waste landfills not subject to AIR 21.................................................................................47 Table of Contents List of Chapters v 5.3.a.iii Considerations for existing waste disposal facilities within the limits of separation criteria..................................47 5.3.b Trash transfer stations...............................................................48 5.3.c Composting operations on or near airport property...................48 5.3.d Underwater waste discharges...................................................49 5.3.e Recycling centers......................................................................49 5.3.f Construction and demolition debris facilities .............................49 5.3.g Fly ash disposal.........................................................................49 5.4 Water management facilities.....................................................................50 5.4.a Existing storm water management facilities ..............................50 5.4.b New storm water management facilities....................................51 5.4.c Existing wastewater treatment facilities.....................................52 5.4.d New wastewater treatment facilities..........................................52 5.4.e Artificial marshes.......................................................................52 5.4.f Wastewater discharge and sludge disposal..............................53 5.5 Wetlands...................................................................................................53 5.5.a Existing wetlands on or near airport property............................53 5.5.b New airport development ..........................................................54 5.5.c Mitigation for wetland impacts from airport projects..................54 5.5.c.i On-site mitigation of wetland functions ...............................54 5.5.c.ii Off-site mitigation of wetland functions...............................55 5.5.c.iii Mitigation banking...............................................................55 5.6 Dredge spoil containment areas................................................................55 5.7 Agricultural activity ....................................................................................55 5.7.a Crop production.........................................................................55 5.7.b Livestock production..................................................................56 5.7.c Aquaculture...............................................................................56 5.7.d Alternative uses of agricultural land...........................................56 5.8 Golf courses, landscaping and other land-use considerations..................57 5.8.a Golf courses..............................................................................57 5.8.b Landscaping and landscape maintenance................................57 5.8.c Other hazardous wildlife attractants..........................................58 5.9 Synergistic effects of surrounding land uses.............................................58 CHAPTER 6: DEVELOPING WILDLIFE HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AT AIRPORTS...........................................................................................59 6.1 Introduction................................................................................................59 6.2 Wildlife hazard assessment.......................................................................60 6.2.a Requirement for wildlife hazard assessment.............................60 6.2.b Necessary elements of a wildlife hazard assessment...............61 vi List of Chapters Table of Contents 6.2.c Duration of wildlife hazard assessment and basic survey techniques.................................................................................63 6.3 Wildlife hazard management plan.............................................................64 6.3.a Requirement for wildlife hazard management plan...................64 6.3.b. National Environmental Policy Act review.................................65 6.3.c Necessary elements of a wildlife hazard management plan......66 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING WILDLIFE HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AT AIRPORTS ................................................................................................81 7.1 Introduction................................................................................................81 7.2 Monitoring and record keeping..................................................................82 7.2.a Hazard assessments, plans, and studies..................................82 7.2.b Daily log of wildlife control activities..........................................82 7.2.c Daily log of wildlife strikes .........................................................83 7.2.d Records of significant management actions taken....................85 7.2.e Summary reports by month and year........................................85 7.2.f Training.....................................................................................86 7.3 Assessment of wildlife hazard management plan......................................86 7.4 Airport wildlife hazards working group.......................................................87 7.4.a Function ....................................................................................87 7.4.b Membership...............................................................................87 7.4.c Meetings....................................................................................88 7.4.d Meeting reports.........................................................................88 7.5 Summary and conclusions........................................................................89 CHAPTER 8: WILDLIFE HAZARD MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR AIRPORT PERSONNEL.............................................................................................99 8.1 Introduction................................................................................................99 8.2 Training...................................................................................................100 8.2.a Bird identification.....................................................................100 8.2.b Mammal identification..............................................................102 8.2.c Basic life histories and behavior of common species..............102 8.2.d Wildlife and environmental laws and regulations.....................103 8.2.e Wildlife control techniques.......................................................104 8.2.f Record keeping and strike reporting........................................105 8.3 Sources of training ..................................................................................106 8.4 Wildlife hazard management library........................................................107 8.5 Field guides and reference books ...........................................................107 CHAPTER 9: WILDLIFE CONTROL STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES AT AIRPORTS ..............................................................................................111 9.1 Introduction..............................................................................................111 9.2 Wildlife control strategies.........................................................................113 Table of Contents List of Chapters vii 9.2.a Aircraft flight schedule modification.........................................114 9.2.b Habitat modification and exclusion..........................................114 9.2.b.i Food..................................................................................114 9.2.b.ii Cover................................................................................115 9.2.b.iii Water................................................................................117 9.2.b.iv Exclusion techniques........................................................118 9.2.b.iv.a Exclusion of birds....................................................................118 9.2.b.iv.b Exclusion of mammals.............................................................119 9.2.c Repellent techniques...............................................................120 9.2.c.i Wildlife patrols and runway sweeps in vehicles................121 9.2.c.ii Chemical repellents for birds ............................................121 9.2.c.iii Chemical repellents for mammals.....................................123 9.2.c.iv Audio repellents for birds..................................................123 9.2.c.v Audio repellents for mammals ..........................................124 9.2.c.vi Visual repellents for birds..................................................125 9.2.c.vii Visual repellents for mammals..........................................126 9.2.c.viii Trained falcons and dogs to repel birds............................126 9.2.c.ix Radio-controlled model aircraft to repel birds ...................126 9.2.c.x Nonlethal projectiles to repel birds....................................127 9.2.d Wildlife removal techniques.....................................................127 9.2.d.i Capturing birds and mammals..........................................127 9.2.d.i.a Chemical capture of birds........................................................128 9.2.d.i.b Live-trapping birds...................................................................128 9.2.d.i.c Chemical capture of mammals................................................129 9.2.d.i.d Live-trapping mammals...........................................................129 9.2.d.ii Killing birds and mammals................................................129 9.2.d.ii.a Destroying eggs and nests......................................................130 9.2.d.ii.b Shooting birds .........................................................................130 9.2.d.ii.c Shooting mammals..................................................................131 9.2.d.ii.d Oral toxicants for birds.............................................................132 9.2.d.ii.e Contact toxicants for birds.......................................................132 9.2.d.ii.f Toxicants for mammals...........................................................133 9.2.d.ii.g Fumigants for mammals..........................................................134 9.2.d.ii.h Lethal traps for mammals........................................................134 9.3 Conclusions.............................................................................................134 9.4 Other sources of information...................................................................135

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Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports. A Manual for Airport Personnel. Prepared by. Edward C. Cleary. Staff Wildlife Biologist. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Airport Safety and Standards. 800 Independence Avenue. Washington, DC 20591, USA. Richard
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