Wildlife and food security in Africa PDF
Preview Wildlife and food security in Africa
Wildlifeandfood security FAO CONSERVATION GUIDE inAfrica FAO Wildlifeandfoodsecurity CONSERVATION GUIDE inAfrica by YaaNtiamoa-Baidu FaOArgnorgdoiadcnuilztautrieon otUNfhnaeittieodns Rome,1997 EBPR-8BC-2BBG TtpNhuahbeteliipdocaenarssttiicgooonnfnadcttoehiernoonnFtisonIegmompdtplhlyaeotnlyhdeeegedaAxlgaprsnritdceausttlsuhtiseuoronpefroaefOsnraeygnnayctnoaoiutpzniiatontrniiyooo,nfntwmehoarfratietttrsohiroeyae,lvUcieninirttythoeoindrs oarrebaouonrdoafriitsesa.uthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiers M-28 ISBN92-5-104103-2 AcAA0rrlaegpe0lltrpp1.rilrri0pcioieu0hcdgvlhauoatRtltctusitoosriocmyreonoseensOpst,,fryeeosgriImrtahvn,asnoeglouidyuor..zclrahtdNotrpbtiaoeehnoresnapmrmadiwoirdisfttssrtteieoeh,ofdsenwsit,ineUhtwindahsiinotttpyouheuttfadbhtolsehNriteacmDataipotitrrreoieioncmobrtsneyop.nrmaet,VrnaoiImyyfaniltmfsebhoeseeraidmpeonralunstelr,oieppforeoTtnolshedeDeecruitcvcmarioeenospdndiy,dioriecnis,x,CgttmahFoeretonracoteochwddoaanflianeltnnirah.-d,ae ©FAO1997 Copyrightedmaterial FOREWORD Thegathering,compilinganddisseminationofinformationonwildlifeutilisationand economicshavealwaysbeenbasicactivitiesoftheFAOForestryDepartment.IntheAfrican region,suchendeavourshavebeenencouragedandsupportedbytheWorkingPartyon Wildlife Management and National Parks ofthe African Forestry and Wildlife Commissionatanumberofitssessions. Asaresult,FAOcommissionedProfessorS.S. AjayitocompilethedocumentUtilisationofForestWildlifeinWestAfrica,whichwas completedin1979. SubsequentlyDrE.O.A.Asibeyprepared,in1986,adocumententitledWildlifeandFood Security,whichfurnishedthebasisforthekeynoteaddresshedeliveredattheSymposium onWildlifeManagementinSub-SaharanAfricahostedbyZimbabwe(Harare1987),with technicalsupportfromFAO. Thepresentstudyw'asinitiallyintendedtoeditthedocumentcompiledbyDrAsibeyfor publication.However,onexaminationofthedocumentrecently,itwasrealisedthatmostof thedataitcontainedwereratheroutdated,andthatthedocumentdrewheavilyondatafrom otherpartsofthewwldwhichwerenotnecessarilyapplicabletotheAfricansituation. It thereforebecamenecessarytoprepareacompletelynewdocument,focusingmainlyon potentialcontributionofwildlifetofoodsecurityinAfrica. FAOisgratefultotheauthor,YaaNtiamoa-Baidu,fortheconsiderableeffortshehasputinto thisexercisewhichhasresultedinawell-documentedandinformativework. TheFAO ForestResourcesDivision.Rome,ItalyandtheFAORegionalOfficeforAfrica,Accra, Ghanawouldwelcomecommentsandsuggestionsonthisdocumentforaneventualupdated edition. N t1 \ M.HosnyEl-Lakany Director ForestResourcesDivision ForestryDepartment Copyrightedmaterial ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IwishtoexpressmysincerethankstotheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnited Nations(FAO)fortheopportunityprovidedformetodeveloptheideasexpressedinthis document.MysincerethanksgotoF.lHadjiSene.Chief.FORC.ForestryDepartment,FAO Rome,andMrC.deGreling,FAO,Rome,fortheexcellentsupportandencouragementgiven tomeduringthepreparationofthedocument,particularlyduringthetwoweeksspentinthe KAOlibraryinRome. ElHadjiSene'scontributioninhelpingtoaccessmostpertinentKAOdocumentation,especiallyonfood security,isalsogratefullyacknowledged.Myspecialthanksgotomyhusbandandcolleague. DrChrisGordon,forhisimmenseassistanceintheliteraturesearchandformakingthe figures.Lastly,butnottheleast.1acknowledgethesupportofDrEmmanuelAsibey.former headoftheGhanaForestryCommission,whointroducedmetothisareaofstudyandwho encouragedmetotakeonthisparticularassignment. Copyrightedmaterial TABLEOFCONTENTS rtircwnrti Lii Acknowledgments iv ListofTables id ListofFigures vii ListofBoxes vii Chanter1 Introduction 1 Definitionsandscopeofstudv 5 Chapter2Directcontributionofwildlifetofoodsecurity 7 2.1 Wildlifeasafoodresource 7 211 Rnshmeat 7 2.1.2Otherwildanimalproducts 14 2.2 Speciesandvarietiesofwildanimalseaten 18 2.3 Nutritionalvalueofmeatfromwildanimals 24 Chapter3Indirectcontributionofwildlifetofoodsecurity 26 33..11.1WTilodulriifsemaannddirneccoremaetigoenneration 2276 3.1.2Incomefromhunting 30 1-1-3Rnshmeattrade 32 3.1.4Trophies,hidesandskins 40 313Liveanimaltrade 40 32 Wildlifeandhealth 41 3.3 Wildlifeandforestry/agriculture 48 Chapter4Wildlifeproductionsystems:potentialsforfoodsecurity 52 4.1 Wildlifeproduction 53 4.1.1 Productionfromwildsources 53 4.1.2Wildliferanching 59 4.1.3Wildlifefarminganddomestication 69 4.2 1Iarvestingofwildlife 74 4.2.1Gamecropping 74 4.2.2Subsistencehuntingandgathering 78 4.2.3Bushmeatprocessingandmarketing 87 Chapter5Thefuture:canwildlifecontributetofoodsecurityinAfrica 91 5.1 Whybotheraboutwildlife 91 3.2 Productionfromwildsources 24 3.3 Productionfromwildliferanchesandfarms 97 34 Wildlifedomestication 97 References 100 Copyrightedmaterial 98 vi LISTOFTABLES Table2.1:BushmeatproductionandconsumptioninselectedAfricancountries 10 Table2.1:WildlifeproductioninthreeecologicalzonesinNigeria(estimatedfrom monthlyharvestbyfarmersduringtherainyseason) 16 fable2.3:Rangeofmammalianspeciesusedasfoodresourceinrelationto Table2.4:eNnuvmibroenrmeonftspaencdiessubosfidsitfefnecreenbtasfea.unalgroupsusedasfoodresource 1 amongthreeethnicgroups(Boyela,Ngandu,Mbuti)livinginthe 1 Zairianbasin. Table2.5:MonthlyfrequencyofinsectconsumptionbytheNgandu(percentof 22 days). Table2.6:GametakenbyvillagehuntersinforestedareasofnortheasternGabon. 23 Table2.7:Energyandmineralcontentofsomerodentsusedasfoodresource. 24 Table2.8:Proximatecomposition(g/100g)ofmeatofsomewildanimalspecies comparedwithselecteddomesticanimals. 25 Table3.1:ForeignexchangeearningsfromtourisminKenya(1977-1991). 29 Table3.2:ValueofwildlifeinZimbabwe(datafor1991)ascomparedwith 29 livestock. Table3.3:AveragecatchandincomeofhunterssupplyingmeattoAtwemonom marketinKumasi,Ghana. 32 Table3.4:Proportionofhuntedwildanimalgroupssoldorconsumedbyhunters invillagesinforestedareasinnorth-easternGabon 33 Table3.5:VolumeofBushmeatTradeinKantamantomarket.Accra(1971- 34 1986). Table3.6:VolumeandvalueofBushmeatMarketCentresinKumasi(overa periodof27daysbetweenAprilandJune1990). 35 Table3.7:BushmeattradeinKantamantomarket.Accra,Ghana(overaoneweek period.May1993). 39 Table3.8:BushmeattradeinAtwemonommarket.Kumasi,Ghana(overaone weekperiod,March1993). 39 Table3.9:Numbersandvalue(US$)ofkeylivewildanimalspeciesexported fromGhana. 42 Table3.10WildanimalsusedbyNigerianfarmersforhealingandinpreventive medicine. 44 Table3.11:Medicinalusesofwildanimalsamongcommunitieslivingaround forestnationalparksinsouthwesternGhana. 45 Table3.12:MedicinaluseoftheAfricanGiantSnailamongruralpeoplein 47 Nigeria. Table3.13:ThemajorvertebratepestsofAfrica. 50 Table3.14:WildanimalsaspestsintheUpperLupandeGameManagementarea. Zambia. 51 Table4.1:BiomassoflargeherbivoresinselectedconservationareasinAfrica withdifferentannualrainfallsandsoilnutrientstatus. 54 Table4.2:ProtectedareasysteminSub-SaharanAfricainrelationtototalland areaandhumanpopulation. 57 Copyrightedmaterial 51 VII Table4.3:Growthratesofdomesticcattleandsheepascomparedwiththoseof wildungulatesinCentralandEastAfrica. 63 Table4.4:Birthrates,reproductiveefficiency,meatproductivityperfemaleper individualofrearedtropicaldomesticandwildspecies. 66 Table4.5:Liveweights.carcassweights(Kg.)andfatcomponentofsomeadult EastAfricanmammals. 66 Table4,6:CostsandincomefromtheKekopeyandSuguroicroppingexperiment. Table4.7:Proportionofhuntaccountedforbydifferentmethodsofcapturein villagesinnorth-easternGabon. 83 Table4.8:Seasonalweeklysurveyofnumberofhoursspentonnighthuntingby fiveprofessionalhunters,Ayirebi,Ghanain1982/83. 84 Table4.9:CausesforrejectionofgamecarcassesculledintheKekopeyand Suguroiexperiment. 89 LISTOFFIGURES Fig.1:M(eaavtilplrageef)e;reMnacneskeosfipmeo(pslmealilntuerravbiaenw)e:dAicnctrhare(elalrogcealuirtbiaens)i.nGhana,Doryum 14 Fig.2:Proportionofanimalproteinintakeaccountedtorbydifferentmeatsources basedonnumberoftimesusedinpreparationofmealsinhouseholds. 1 Fig.3:Speciespreferenceofbushmeatconsumers. 21 Fig.4:MarginofprofitmadebybushmeattradersinKumasiAtwemonommarket. 38 Fig.5:Estimatedlandareas(Km2)usedforwildlifeconservationandproductionin Zimbabwein1990. 61 LISTOFBOXES Box1:Foodsecurity:definitionandmeasurement. 2 Box2:Factorsrelatedtofoodsecurityandthepotentialcontributionfromwildlife 3 resources. Box3:TheroleofwildlifeinfoodsecurityinAfrica. 6 Box4:WildlifeasfoodresourceinAfrica. 1 Box5:Contributionofwildlife-basedindustriestoAfricaneconomies. 27 Box6:Wildlifeasasourceofhouseholdincome. 28 Box7:BushmeattradeinAtemonommarket.Kumasi.Ghana. 36 Box8:Zimbabwe'sCampfireProgramme 58 Box9:TheNazingaGameRanch. 62 Box10:Comparativeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofwildlifeandcattle 67 production. Copyrightedmaterial CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION Foodsecurityisdefinedasphysicalandeconomicaccesstofoodforallpeopleatalltimes (Hoskins.1990). Foodsecurityisthereforeprimarilyconcernedwithfoodavailability;and lackoffoodsecurityultimatelyreflectsonthenutritionalstatusofindividuals. However, althoughthenutritionalwell-beingofanindividual isprimarilydetermined byfood availability,foodsecurityisinfluencedbyarangeoffactorsotherthanfoodavailability, includingeconomicandsocialstatus,health(physical/spiritual/mental),educationand culturalbiases(seeBox1).InlookingattheroleofwildlifeinfoodsecurityinAfrica,wearc concernednotonlywiththedirectcontributionofwildlifeasafoodresource,butalsowith theinfluenceofwildlifeonaccesstofoodthroughemploymentandincomegeneration,its influenceonphysical,spiritualandculturalwell-beingofpeople,aswellasitspositiveand negativeinfluencesonfoodproductioncapabilities(seeBox2). Inless-developedcountries,particularlyinAfrica,famineandmalnutritionareserious perennialproblemsthatnationshavetograpplewith.Itisestimatedthatbytheendof1989. approximately552millionpeoplewenttobedhungryeachday. Thesituationdoesnot appeartobeimproving;thecurrenttrendisthatofincreasinghumanpopulations,and inequityinresourcedistributionandunsustainableexploitationofnaturalresources,whichis leadingtolargescaledestructionoftheworld’sproductivesystems.Thepredictionsarethat withoutconcertedeffortstoreversethesetrends,theworldwillexperienceincreasingunder- nutritionandwillwitnessstarvationonayetunknownscaleinlimesofperiodicdroughtor cropfailures. AccordingtoarecentanalysisbytheFoodandAgriculturalOrganisationof theUnitedNations(FAO,1995),thesituationinAfricaisbecomingincreasinglycriticalas conventionalagriculturefailstomeetexpectationsandthecapacityofcountriestoimport foodislowduetoscarcityofforeignexchangeresources.Asaconsequence,onethirdofthe populationinAfricaischronicallyundernourished,andruralpopulationsinmanyareasof Africaarcalreadycompelledbysocio-economicstressestouseallthenaturalresources available. Thus,specieswhichwerenotnormallyexploitedforfoodorwereeatenonlyby childrenassnacksarenowimportantitemsinthefamilydietand/ortrade ToachievefoodsecurityunderthecurrentfoodsituationandnutritionalproblemsinAfrica, aholisticandintegratedapproachtoagriculturaldevelopmentiscrucial.Onepathtosolving thefoodsecurityproblemistobroadenthespectrumofcropscultivatedandanimals husbandedonthecontinenttoincludenon-traditionalspeciessuchaswildlife,andtodevelop newandinnovativeproductionsystemstocomplementtheconventionalsystems. Copyrightedmaterial Box1 FOODSECURITY:DEFINITIONANDMEASUREMENT Theconceptoffoodsecurityusedinitsmostgeneralformessentiallymeansastateofaffairs whereallpeopleatalltimeshaveaccesstosafeandnutritiousfoodsoastomaintaina healthyandactivelife. Thisisthedefinitionendorsedbyanumberofauthorities(seee.g.. FAO/WHO,1992;USAID.1992;PetitandGnaegy,1994). FAOhasoperationalizedthe conceptwithinitsmandatebystressingthoseaspectsofthephenomenonthatarerelatedto theavailabilityandstabilityoffoodsuppliesatthenationallevel,throughbothtimeand space,andaccesstofoodsuppliesatthehouseholdandindividual,aswellasnationallevel. Hielatterconsiderationsareexpressedinthedefinitionofhouseholdfoodsecurityaccepted bytheCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurityas"physicalandeconomicaccesstoadequate foodforallhouseholdmembers,withoutundueriskoflosingsuchaccess." Althoughtheconsequencesoffoodinsecurityarereflectedultimatelyontheindividual's nutritionalstatus,itmustbebominmindthatthenutritionalstatusofanindividualisalso influencedbyprocessesthatdeterminetheallocationoffoodwithinthehousehold,itsintake bytheindividualanditssubsequentphysiologicalutilisation. Inotherwords,health, sanitary,educational,economic,social,genderandcultural factorsallplayapartin influencingwhatisessentiallythenutritionalwell-beingoftheindividual.Ideally,therefore, measuresoffoodsecurityshouldcontaininformationhavingabearingonthenutritional statusofindividuals,whilesomehowcontrollingfortheeffectsofotherfactorsthatmayalso :influencenutritionalstatus. !Traditionally,informationontheavailabilityoffoodatsomeaggregatelevelandonthe structureofitsdistributionamonghouseholdshasbeenusedformeasuringandmonitoring thestatusoffoodsecurity.Despiteproblemsrelatedtotheiraccuracy,nationalfoodbalance sheetsandnutritionaland/orconsumptionsurveysarethemostreadilyavailablesourcesfor suchinformation.Infact.FAOestimatesoftheprevalenceofunder-nutritionindeveloping countriesandoftheAggregate HouseholdFood SecurityIndex(AHFSI)whichare essentiallybasedonthem,makedirectuseofsuchdata(FAO1992). Inthesefoodsecurity measurements,themostimportantcomponentofthesemeasurementsarctheannualestimates :joifmppoerrtsc(aipnuctlufdoiondgafvoaoidlaabiidl)i,tyobitnaitneerdmsfroofmcnaaltoiroineasl,fforoodmbbaolatnhcedosmheesettisc(FprAoOdu1c9t9i3o)n.andnet 'Theestimatesreflectthenumberofchronicallyundernourished,who,onaverageinthecourseofayear,have foodintakebelowthatrequiredtomaintainbodyweightandsupportlightactivity.Thethresholdlevelis assumedtobeequalto1.54timestheBasalMetabolicRate(BMR). Copyrightedmaterial
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