Wildland Fires and Air Pollution. Developments in Environmental Science 8. PDF
Preview Wildland Fires and Air Pollution. Developments in Environmental Science 8.
Author's personal copy Wildland Fires and Air Pollution Author's personal copy PreviousVolumesinthisSeries AIRPOLLUTIONSCIENCEFORTHE21STCENTURY,I EditedbyJillAustin,PeterBrimblecombeandWilliamSturges OZONEAIRPOLLUTIONINTHESIERRANEVADA–DISTRIBUTIONAND EFFECTSONFORESTS,II EditedbyA.Bytnerowicz,M.J.ArbaughandR.Alonso AIRPOLLUTION,GLOBALCHANGEANDFORESTSINTHENEWMILLENNIUM,III EditedbyD.F.Karnosky,K.E.Percy,A.H.Chappelka,C.SimpsonandJ.Pikkarainen CROSS-BORDERRESOURCEMANAGEMENT:THEORYANDPRACTICE,IV EditedbyR.Guo CONCEPTSANDAPPLICATIONSINENVIRONMENTALGEOCHEMISTRY,V EditedbyDibyenduSarkar,RupaliDattaandRobynHannigan AIRPOLLUTIONMODELINGANDITSAPPLICATIONXVIII,VI EditedbyCarlosBorregoandEberhardRenner PERSISTENTORGANICPOLLUTANTSINASIA:SOURCES,DISTRIBUTIONS, TRANSPORTANDFATE,VII EditedbyAnLi,ShinsukeTanabe,GuibinJiang,JohnP.GiesyandPaulK.S.Lam WILDLANDFIRESANDAIRPOLLUTION,VIII EditedbyAndrzejBytnerowicz,MichaelArbaugh,AllenR.RiebauandChristianAndersen Author's personal copy Wildland Fires and Air Pollution Edited by Andrzej Bytnerowicz USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA Michael J. Arbaugh USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA Allen R. Riebau USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. Christian Andersen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo Author's personal copy Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Firstedition2009 Copyrightr2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(þ44)(0)1865843830;fax(þ44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamage topersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfrom any useoroperationofany methods,products,instructionsor ideascontainedinthe material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbefinished BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-055609-3 ISSN:1474-8177 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinHungary 0910111213 10987654321 Author's personal copy Dedication to Dr. Sue A. Ferguson This book is dedicated to Dr. Sue A. Ferguson, atmospheric scientist, friend and colleague, visionary, and enthusiastic participant in life. We lost Sue to breast cancer on December 18, 2005, on a beautiful, crisp, blue-sky Seattle day. Her memory and inspiration continue to live on, however, in the legacy she founded in the atmospheric science community: first in her 13-year career in Avalanche Forecasting, then inher13-yearcareerasaResearchMeteorologistwiththeUSDAForest Service. Sue thought big, never hesitating to tackle difficult problems or situations. She saw the potential of what could be accomplished by bringingtogetherbrilliantanddedicatedpeopletopushtheboundariesof scienceandtheimagination.AsanAvalancheForecaster,shestartedthe Author's personal copy Avalanche Review, now a premier publication in the field. As a Research Meteorologist with the Forest Service she was a member of the Fire and Environmental Research Applications (FERA) Team and then went on tofoundtheAtmosphereandFireInteractionsResearchandEngineering (AirFIRE) Team. Her vision led to the development of the BlueSky Smoke Prediction System—a system on the forefront of technology and innovation that provides real-time predictions of smoke concentrations fromprescribedfires,wildfires,andagriculturalfires.Suehelpedformthe Northwest Regional Modeling Center (NWRMC) that provides daily scientific products for the fire weather, meteorological, and air quality communities and serves as a template for other regional modeling consortiumsnationally.Inadditiontoalltheseaccomplishments,Suestill loved to encourage and participate in hands-on science, leading field campaigns (with a tethersonde affectionately known as ‘‘Wally’’) to measure smoke and meteorological parameters during fires and mentor- ing young high school future-scientists-of-the-world. Sue touched many lives, andwe are all thebetterforknowing herandher pioneeringspirit. Author's personal copy vii Contents List of Contributors xi Biographies xxi Acknowledgements xli Preface xliii Introduction xlv Section I: General Information and Emissions 1. Impacts of Vegetation Fire Emissions on the Environment, Human Health, and Security: A Global Perspective 3 2. Climatic and Weather Factors Affecting Fire Occurrence and Behavior 37 3. Characterizing Sources of Emissions from Wildland Fires 61 4. Chemical Composition of Wildland Fire Emissions 79 5. Effects of Wildland Fire on Regional and Global Carbon Stocks in a Changing Environment 109 6. Airborne Remote Sensing of Wildland Fires 139 Section II: Ambient Air Quality, Visibility and Human Health—Regional Perspectives 7. Effects of Forest Fires on Visibility and Air Quality 171 8. Assessment of Forest Fire Impacts and Emissions in the European Union Based on the European Forest Fire Information System 197 Author's personal copy viii Contents 9. Forest Fires and Air Quality Issues in Southern Europe 209 10. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Distribution of Forest Fires in Central and Eastern Europe 233 11. A Mega-Fire Event in Central Russia: Fire Weather, Radiative, and Optical Properties of the Atmosphere, and Consequences for Subboreal Forest Plants 247 12. Vegetation Fires, Smoke Emissions, and Dispersion of Radionuclides in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone 265 13. Remote Sensing Applications of Wildland Fire and Air Quality in China 277 14. Smoke from Wildfires and Prescribed Burning in Australia: Effects on Human Health and Ecosystems 289 Section III: Ecological Impacts of Forest Fires and Air Pollution 15. GlobalWarmingandStressComplexesinForestsofWestern North America 319 16. AProbabilisticViewofChaparralandForestFireRegimesin Southern California and Northern Baja California 339 17. Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires: A Case Study in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California 365 18. Fire Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Forests of The Sierra Nevada 405 19. Management Options for Mitigating Nitrogen (N) Losses from N-Saturated Mixed-Conifer Forests in California 425 20. Interactive Effects of Climate and Wildland Fires on Forests and other Ecosystems—Section III Synthesis 457 Section IV: Management Issues 21. Fire Danger and Fire Behavior Modeling Systems in Australia, Europe, and North America 471 22. Regional Real-Time Smoke Prediction Systems 499 Author's personal copy Contents ix 23. Managing Smoke from Wildfires and Prescribed Burning in Southern Australia 535 24. A Statistical Model for Forecasting Hourly Ozone Levels During Fire Season 551 25. Managing Air Pollution Impacted Forests of California 567 Section V: Concluding Section 26. Integrating Research on Wildland Fires and Air Quality: Needs and Recommendations 585 Author Index 603 Subject Index 629
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