Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance : sample collection from healthy, sick and dead birds PDF
Preview Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance : sample collection from healthy, sick and dead birds
WILD BIRD HIGHLYPATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZASURVEILLANCE samplecollectionfromhealthy,sickanddeadbirds ZooofloNgeicwalSoPuatrhksWaBloeasrd Coverphotographs: Leftimage:FAO/S.Newman Centreimage:courtesyofWildlifeConservationSociety,K.Smith Rightimage:courtesyofTarongaZoo,K.Rose Copyrightedmaterial 4 FAOANIMALPRODUCTIONANDHEALTH manual WILD BIRD HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZASURVEILLANCE samplecollectionfromhealthy,sickanddeadbirds KarrieRose AustralianRegistryofWildlifeHealth, TarongaZoo,Sydney,Australia ScottNewman WildlifeConservationSociety, WildlifeHealthCenter, FieldVeterinaryProgram,NewYork,USA AnimalHealthService, FoodandAgricultureOrganization oftheUnitedNations,Rome,Italy MarcelaUhart WildlifeConservationSociety, WildlifeHealthCenter, FieldVeterinaryProgram,NewYork,USA JuanLubroth AnimalHealthService, FoodandAgricultureOrganization oftheUnitedNations,Rome,Italy FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Rome,2006 Copyrightedmaterial Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimply theexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaor ofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. ISBN978-92-5-105667-7 Allrightsreserved.Reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthisinformationproductfor educationalorothernon-commercialpurposesareauthorizedwithoutanypriorwrittenpermission fromthecopyrightholdersprovidedthesourceisfullyacknowledged.Reproductionofmaterialin tpheirsmiisnsfioormnaotfiotnheprcoodpuycritgfhotrhroelsdaelres.orAopptlhiecractioomnmserfcoriaslucphurppeorsmeisssiisopnroshhiobuiltdedbewiatdhdoruetssweridtttoenthe Chief.ElectronicPublishingPolicyandSupportBranch,CommunicationDivision,FAO,Vialedelle TermediCaracalla,00153Rome,Italyorbye-mailtocopyright©fao.org ©FAO2006 Copyrightedmaterial Contents Acknowledgements V Introduction 1 CHAPTFR1 Clinicalsiqnsofinfectiousdisease 3 CHAPTER2 Livebirdhandling 5 Bloodsamplinq 5 Euthanasia 6 CHAPTER3 Deadbirdcollection 9 SamplinqstrateqyforH5N1Al 10 CHAPTER4 AvianNecropsyProtocol 13 NecropsyOccupationalHealthandSafety 13 AvianNecropsyProtocol 14 Externalexamination 14 InternalExamination 15 CHAPTER5 Necropsysamplecollection 21 CHAPTER6 Samplecollection 23 Detailsregardingsamplestobecollectedduringanecropsy 23 CHAPTER7 Swabbinqtechniques 25 Procedureforsamplinq 26 CHAPTER8 Samplehandlinqandtransport 29 Swabsandviraltransportmedia 29 Serum,plasmaandfreshtissues 29 Formalinfixedtissues 30 Sampleshipment 30 Copyrightedmaterial iv CHAPTER9 Diagnostics 33 LaboratorydiaqnosisforH5N1Al 33 Fieldtests(ooint-of-care) 34 RT-PCR 25 CHAPTER10 Carcassdisposal 37 Inthefield 32 CHAPTER11 Disinfection 39 Personalsafetyrecommendations 41 Annex1:Sickordeadbirdsamplecollectionloq 45 Annex2:OIE/FAONetwork(OFFLU)andreferencelaboratories foravianinfluenza 42 Annex3:GrossPathologyIllustrations 51 Copyrightedmaterial Acknowledgements SomeinformationinthismanualhasbeenadaptedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganization oftheUnitedNationsincollaborationwiththeWildlifeConservationSocietyandthe TarongaZoofromaUSGSNationalWildlifeHealthCenterpublicationAnEarlyDetection SystemforHighlyPathogenicH5N1inWildMigratoryBirds-InteragencyStrategicPlan(at http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/other/indexisp). GratitudeisexpressedtotheGovernmentofAustraliafortheircontinuoussupport. SpecialthankstoPhilHarrisandCeciliaMurguiafortheirhelpwitheditingthismanual. This On® 76WU-PNX-08LN 1 Introduction Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovidebriefguidelinesonthesamplingmethodsto usewhenconductingwildlifesurveillance,oramorbidity/mortalityinvestigation.Topics coveredincludeanimalhandling,propermethodsforcollectingandtransportingdiagnostic samplesrelatedtoinvestigationofaviandiseasessuchasavianinfluenza,WestNilevirus, andNewcastledisease.SincehighlypathogenicH5N1avianinfluenza(H5N1Al)'posesa potentialserioushumanhealthrisk,procedurestoavoidexposurewhileworkingwithlive ordeadwildlifeareincluded. ifyouareconductingwildlifesurveillanceinacountrypreviouslydeterminedtohave confirmedpositivehighlypathogenicH5N1avianinfluenzavirus(H5N1Al)inwildlife, oryouplantoconductaninvestigationinalocationwhereH5N1Alcouldbethecause ofwildlifesicknessormortality,followthepersonalsafetyrecommendationssetout inthismanual. Whilenotallspeciesinfectednecessarilyexhibitsignsofdisease,thecurrentstrainsof H5N1AlcirculatinginAsia,Europe,andAfricahavebeenshowntocausemorbidityand mortalityinawidevarietyofspecies.Combiningtargetedactivesurveillance(captureand samplingoffreeranging"apparentlyhealthybirds"),passivesurveillance(includingdisease testingfromhuntedbirds,rehabilitationcentres,zoosandbeachedbirdmonitoringpro- grammes),andsystematicinvestigationofmorbidityandmortalityinwildbirdswillprovide amonitoringprogrammethathasthehighestprobabilityofdetectingtheH5N1Alvirus.It isimportanttorealizethatpropersamplecollectionfromdeadwildlifeisvitalsinceH5N1 avianinfluenzaisonlyoneofmanydiseasesorproblemsthatcanresultinthedeathsof largenumbersofwildbirds. Thismanualisbasedonthefollowingassumptions: 1)allinvestigationswillbeperformedbyappropriatelytrainedpersonnel; 2)properhumanhealthandbiosafetyprecautionswillbeadheredto; 3)consentfromtheresponsiblegovernmentveterinaryagencywillbeobtainedprior toanyinvestigation;and 4)alldiseaseoutbreakinvestigationactivitiesshouldbecoordinatedwithFAOandOIE representatives. 'Thetefmhighlypathogenicavianinfluenzaisusuallyreservedforthecharactensticvirulenceexhibitedofavian influenzavirusinchickens,andisnotappropriatetorefertohighpathogenicityinotherspeoes(avianor mammalian).Throughoutthismanual,theH5N1HPAJvirusthathascausedoutbreaksinpoultryandaffected speciesinAsiaandEurope(2003-2006)isreferredtoasH5N1Al. Copyrightedmaterial 2 WildbirdHPAIsurveillance ForinformationonFAOofficesaroundtheworld,see: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/physical_presence.asp?lang=en ForalistofOIEmembercountriesandofficialdelegates,see: http://www.oie.int/eng/OIE/PM/en_PM.htm ForOIEregionalrepresentations,see http://www.oie.int/eng/OIE/organisation/en_RR.htm Copyrightedmaterial 3 Chapter1 Clinical signs of infectious disease Waterfowlandshorebirdsareconsideredtobethenaturalreservoirsforallavianinfluenza virussub-typesand,ingeneral,mostsub-typescauselittleornodiseaseinwildlife.How- ever,typeAinfluenzahasundergoneacombinationofgeneticdriftsandshiftsthathave resultedintheproductionofthehighlypathogenicH5N1Alstrainthatisnowcausing morbidityandmortalityinmanywildlifespecies.Althoughsomesurveillancehasstarted, moreresearchisnecessarytodeterminewhichspeciesofwildlifemayserveasvectors,car- ryingandsheddingthediseasewhilenotbecomingsickordying. Formanyaviandiseases,includingH5N1Al,clinicalsignsofillnesscaninclude: •Suddendeath •Diarrhoea •Regurgitation •Sneezing •Unexplainedemaciation •Opensores •Discharge(clearorcloudy)fromthemouth,nose,earsorvent •Extensiveswellingand/orpurplediscolourationofthetissuesofthehead(including theconjunctiva) •Abnormalfeathers:annularconstrictionsoftheshaft,shafthaemorrhagesorretained waxysheaths •Behaviouralabnormalities-fallingover,headtilt,headandnecktwisting,circling, paralysis,seizures •Locomotionabnormalities-unabletostandorflapwingsproperly,yetwithnotrau- maticinjuries •Massmortalityorclustersofwildbirdmortality(mortalityunexpectedconsideringthe naturalhistoryofthespecies) Ifanyofthesesignsareobservedinfree-rangingwildlifespecies,eitherinafewbirds ormany,contacttheappropriatewildlifeauthorities,veterinaryserviceorOIE/FAO representatives,andconsiderconductingadiseaseoutbreakinvestigation. Reportsaboutsickwildlifefromthegeneralpublicareoftenthefirstindicationthata largerincidenceofmortalityisabouttooccurand,giventheeconomicandpoliticalimpli- cationsoftheemergenceofH5N1Alinanewlocation,itisbesttoknowatanearlystage Copyrightedmaterial
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