Wideband Radar

200 Pages·2022·6.51 MB·English

by  Teng Long, Yang Li, Weifeng Zhang, Quanhua Liu, Xinliang Chen, Weiming Tian, Xiaopeng Yang

Teng Long · Yang Li · Weifeng Zhang · 
Quanhua Liu · Xinliang Chen · 
Weiming Tian · Xiaopeng Yang
Wideband
Radar
Wideband Radar
· · ·
Teng Long Yang Li Weifeng Zhang
· · ·
Quanhua Liu Xinliang Chen Weiming Tian
Xiaopeng Yang
Wideband Radar
Teng Long Yang Li
School of Information and Electronics School of Information and Electronics
Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China Beijing, China
Weifeng Zhang Quanhua Liu
School of Information and Electronics School of Information and Electronics
Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China Beijing, China
Xinliang Chen Weiming Tian
School of Information and Electronics School of Information and Electronics
Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China Beijing, China
Xiaopeng Yang
School of Information and Electronics
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China
ISBN 978-981-19-7560-8 ISBN 978-981-19-7561-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7561-5
Jointly published with National Defense Industry Press
The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the
print book from: National Defense Industry Press.
© National Defense Industry Press 2022
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Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 Overview .................................................. 1
1.2 Wideband Radar System ..................................... 3
1.2.1 Wideband Radar Signal ............................... 3
1.2.2 Wideband Phased Array Radar ......................... 5
1.3 Advantages and Problems of Wideband Radar .................. 6
1.3.1 Detection Performance of Wideband Radar System ....... 6
1.3.2 Measurement Performance of Wideband Radar System .... 7
1.3.3 Tracking Performance of Wideband Radar Systems ....... 9
1.3.4 Recognition Performance of Wideband Radar Systems .... 9
1.3.5 Anti-Jamming Performance of Wideband Radar
Systems ............................................ 9
1.4 Content of the Book ........................................ 10
References ..................................................... 11
2 Wideband Radar Signal and Waveform Design .................... 13
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 13
2.2 Resolution Theory of Wideband Radar ........................ 14
2.2.1 Wideband Ambiguity Function ......................... 14
2.2.2 Range and Velocity Resolution of Wideband Signals ...... 18
2.2.3 Joint Range and Velocity Resolution of Wideband
Signal .............................................. 20
2.3 Ultra-Wideband Short Pulse Signal ........................... 21
2.3.1 Design and Generation of Ultra-Wideband Short
Pulses .............................................. 21
2.3.2 Ultra-Wideband Short Pulse Signal Acquisition .......... 24
2.4 Linearly Frequency Modulated Signal ......................... 26
2.4.1 LFM Signal and Its Features ........................... 26
2.4.2 Chirp Signal Processing Method ....................... 30
2.4.3 Performance Analysis of Chirp Signal Processing ......... 31
2.5 Stepped Frequency Signal ................................... 33
v
vi Contents
2.5.1 Frequency Stepping Principle .......................... 34
2.5.2 Types of Stepped Frequency Signals .................... 35
2.5.3 Stepped Frequency Signal Processing Method ............ 36
2.5.4 Doppler Performance Analysis of Stepped Frequency
Signal .............................................. 37
References ..................................................... 39
3 Chirp Signal Processing ......................................... 41
3.1 Introduction ............................................... 41
3.2 SNR Analysis of Matched Filtering and Dechirp Processing ...... 42
3.2.1 Matched Filtering .................................... 43
3.2.2 Dechirp Processing ................................... 44
3.2.3 Conclusion .......................................... 45
3.3 Sub-band Pulse Compression Processing Method
of Wideband Chirp Signals .................................. 46
3.3.1 Sub-band Pulse Compression Processing ................ 46
3.3.2 Multi-Subpulse Processing ............................ 48
3.4 Digital Dechirp Processing of Sub-array for Wideband
Phased Array Radar ......................................... 52
3.4.1 Principle of Sub-array Digital Dechirp Processing ........ 52
3.4.2 Experimental Demonstration .......................... 55
3.5 Influence of High-Speed Moving Target and Its Motion
Compensation ............................................. 60
3.5.1 Doppler Tolerance and Motion Compensation ............ 60
3.5.2 Motion Compensation of Wideband Radar ............... 61
References ..................................................... 63
4 Stepped Frequency Signal Processing ............................ 65
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 65
4.2 IFFT Method .............................................. 66
4.2.1 Waveform Design .................................... 66
4.2.2 Target Extraction Algorithm ........................... 69
4.3 Time-Domain Synthesis Method of Stepped Frequency Signal .... 71
4.3.1 Waveform Modelling ................................. 71
4.3.2 Time-Domain Synthesis Process ....................... 74
4.4 Frequency-Domain Synthesis Method of Stepped Frequency
Signal .................................................... 74
4.4.1 Waveform Modelling ................................. 74
4.4.2 Frequency-Domain Synthesis Process ................... 77
4.4.3 Compression Filter Design and Grating Lobe
Suppression ......................................... 78
4.5 Time–Frequency Processing Method of Stepped Frequency
Signal .................................................... 81
4.5.1 Time–Frequency Transformation Principle ............... 81
4.5.2 Performance Evaluation of Time–frequency
Transformation in the HPRF Mode ..................... 84
Contents vii
4.5.3 Characteristics of the HPRF Stepped-Frequency
Signal in the Strong Clutter Environment ................ 85
4.6 Stepped Frequency Signal Motion Compensation ............... 85
4.7 Wideband Stepped Frequency Phased Array Radar .............. 88
4.7.1 Advantages of Wideband Stepped Frequency Phased
Array Radar ......................................... 88
4.7.2 Key Issues of Wideband Stepped Frequency Phased
Array Radar Systems ................................. 91
4.7.3 Workflow of the Wideband Stepped Frequency
Phased Array Radar System ........................... 94
4.8 Coded Stepped-Frequency Signal Processing ................... 95
4.8.1 Phase-Coded Stepped-Frequency Signal Processing ....... 95
4.8.2 Frequency-Phase Composite Coded Signal Processing ..... 97
References ..................................................... 99
5 Frontier Technology of Wideband Radar Systems ................. 103
5.1 Introduction ............................................... 103
5.2 Technology of Long-Term Coherent Integration of Wideband
Radar Signals .............................................. 104
5.2.1 Multi-pulse Echoes MTRC Correction Technology ....... 104
5.2.2 Synthetic Wideband Pulse Doppler Technology .......... 112
5.3 Wideband Radar Detection and Tracking Technology ............ 116
5.3.1 Criteria for Analysis and Comparison of Detection
Performance of Wideband and Narrowband Radar
Systems ............................................ 116
5.3.2 Target Detection Method of Wideband Radar Systems ..... 121
5.3.3 Integrated Wideband Detection and Tracking ............. 126
5.4 High-Precision Range and Micro-Motion Measurement .......... 135
5.4.1 Phase-Derived Ranging ............................... 135
5.4.2 Wideband Micro-Motion Measurement ................. 138
5.4.3 Experimental Verification of High-Precision Ranging
and Micro-Motion Measurement ....................... 139
5.5 Wideband Radar Target Recognition Technology ................ 148
5.5.1 Overview ........................................... 148
5.5.2 Target Recognition Method in a Wideband Radar
System Based on Pattern Recognition ................... 149
5.5.3 Target Recognition Method of Wideband Radar
Systems Based on Deep Learning ...................... 154
5.6 Microwave Photonics for Wideband Radar ..................... 159
5.6.1 Overview ........................................... 159
5.6.2 Microwave Signal Photonic Generation ................. 161
5.6.3 Microwave Signal Photonic Processing .................. 167
References ..................................................... 170
viii Contents
6 Wideband Radar System Applications ........................... 173
6.1 Automotive Radar .......................................... 173
6.1.1 Overview ........................................... 173
6.1.2 Key Technology ..................................... 175
6.2 Traffic Radar .............................................. 178
6.2.1 Overview ........................................... 178
6.2.2 Key Technology ..................................... 179
6.3 Wideband FOD Detection Radar .............................. 181
6.3.1 Overview ........................................... 181
6.3.2 Key Technology ..................................... 182
6.4 Migratory Insect Surveillance Radar .......................... 185
6.4.1 Overview ........................................... 185
6.4.2 Key Technology ..................................... 187
6.5 Wideband Deformation Monitoring Radar ..................... 189
6.5.1 Overview ........................................... 189
6.5.2 Key Technology ..................................... 190
6.6 Wideband Through-Wall Radar ............................... 193
6.6.1 Overview ........................................... 193
6.6.2 Key Technology ..................................... 194
References ..................................................... 196
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
Radar is an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. Before the emergence of
the word “radar”, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory used “Radio Detection and
Ranging Equipment” to name it. Later, Majors F. R. Furth and S. M. Tucker in
the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory proposed to abbreviate “Radio Detection and
Ranging” as “radar”. On November 19, 1940, an official document was signed by
Admiral H. R. Stark in which the word “radar” was used. In 1943, the word “radar”
was officially adopted worldwide. Currently, the functionality of a modern radar
system is far beyond its literal meaning of target detection and range measurement.
The birth of radar is attributed to the continuous progress of the understanding on
electromagnetic waves. In 1864, British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, the founder
of classical electromagnetic theory, ingeniously predicted the existence of electro-
magnetic waves and pointed out that electromagnetic waves traveled at the speed of
light [1]. From 1886 to 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz experimentally demonstrated
the existence of electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light and can
be reflected by metals and dielectrics [2]. In the early 20th century, electromagnetic
waves were applied in the field of communication, and there was a vigorous develop-
ment of radio communication technology. The high-power electron tube technology
widely used in radio communication technology has laid a technical foundation for
the generation of radar systems.
In 1904, for marine navigations, Germany engineer Christian Hülsmeyer invented
the “telemobiloscope” and submitted multiple patent applications in many coun-
tries. The “telemobiloscope” is a device that uses radio echoes to detect metal
objects, preventing ships and trains from collisions. Although the system developed
by Hülsmeyer did not make a commercial success due to its limited functions, it was
regarded as the prototype of a radar system.
It is mostly believed that the real radar system with a practical value was born
in Britain. In 1935, British radio expert Robert Watson-Watt, who is a descendant
of James Watt, the father of the steam engine, observed by chance a series of bright
© National Defense Industry Press 2022 1
T. Long et al., Wideband Radar,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7561-5_1
2 1 Introduction
spots on the fluorescent screen, and eventually figured out that the bright spots were
radio echoes reflected by a building near the lab. In February 1935, he published a
paper entitled “The detection and location of aircraft by radio methods”, and subse-
quently performed an experimental demonstration. In the experiment, the BBC’s
radio transmitter at Daventry was used, and a receiver was placed at 9 km away.
With the use of an oscilloscope connected to the receiver, the aircraft target was
successfully detected [3].
In the early stage of the radar development, there were two main problems. One
was the transmit power that was needed to be increased, the other was the operating
frequency of the radar system that was also needed to be increased. At that time, radio
communication worked in the short-wave band, and the carrier frequency was only
a few to tens of MHz. Because of the low short-wave frequency, the radar antenna
size was limited, which caused a wide beam. The radar system cannot measure the
angle but achieved the radio detection and ranging, which is the origin of the name
of the radar.
Radar was first widely used in Britain and made a historic contribution to
protecting Britain from fascism in World War II. In September 1939, when World
War II broke out, Britain had established a “Chain Home” radar network consisting of
21 ground radar stations on the east coast. In the “Battle of Britain”, it was the “Chain
Home” that offered a precious early warning time of 20 min for every Luftwaffe raid,
which helped about 900 fighter jets to fight against 2600 German aircraft.
After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, driven by the demands of the war, the USA
concentrated on the development of radar technology, and thousands of scientists
studied the radar technology in Bell Labs. In 1935, A. L. Samuel first developed a
model of a multi-cavity magnetron. In 1939, H. A. H. Boot and J. T. Randall made
a magnetron that fully met practical standards. The magnetron is an electric vacuum
device to generating microwave signals with a high power and high efficiency. Its
invention increased the working frequency of the radar system to the microwave band
and reduced the system size, which is of help to the deployment of the radar system
on aircrafts and ships, and to promoting the wide application of radar in the military.
Early radar systems were non-coherent and could only detect targets using a single
pulse. At the end of World War II, a receiving-coherent moving target indication
(MTI) radar system was developed, which could distinguish moving targets from
clutter according to the phase change of the echoes between adjacent transmitting
and receiving pulses. The delay line is used to subtract a complete echo pulse from
previous pulse. The moving target can be detected in the strong clutter by using the
difference of the Doppler frequency between the moving target and the clutter source
caused by the different radial velocities related to the radar. The improvement factor
of this system is limited and the gain is within 20 dB, which has a certain effect in
clutter suppression. However, due to the frequency instability of the transmitter and
the large beam direction error, it is difficult to further improve the gain. In the 1950s,
the USA developed a fully coherent radar system, which used an amplifier transmitter
to have a high-power radiation of electromagnetic waves in the microwave band by
frequency multiplication and amplification of a low-frequency signals generated
using a crystal oscillator. At this stage, various high-power electronic devices, such