Wide Area Power Systems Stability, Protection, and Security PDF
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Power Systems Hassan Haes Alhelou Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz Pierluigi Siano Editors Wide Area Power Systems Stability, Protection, and Security Power Systems Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies for many years. Although thesystems designed to provide and apply electrical energy have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based on novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing detailed,accurateandsoundtechnicalinformationaboutthesenewdevelopmentsin electrical power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and transmission as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced textbooks in this series address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and senior students in electrical engineering. **Power Systems is indexed in Scopus** More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622 Hassan Haes Alhelou Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz (cid:129) (cid:129) Pierluigi Siano Editors Wide Area Power Systems Stability, Protection, and Security 123 Editors Hassan HaesAlhelou Almoataz Y.Abdelaziz DepartmentofElectricalPowerEngineering Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Power Tishreen University andMachines Engineering Department Lattakia, SyrianArab Republic AinShamsUniversity Cairo, Egypt Pierluigi Siano Department ofManagement andInnovation Systems University of Salerno Fisciano, Italy ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic) Power Systems ISBN978-3-030-54274-0 ISBN978-3-030-54275-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54275-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Power systems are moving toward the smart grid concept, which enables the high penetrationlevelsofrenewableenergies,duetoenvironmentalconcernsandenergy security risks. Renewable energy resources can be mainly divided into two cate- gories, i.e., synchronous machine-based and inverter-based integration. The inverter-based renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic panels, introduce new problems and technical issues to modern power systems stability,control,protection,andsecurity.Suchenergysourceshighlydecreasethe systemtotalinertiawhichputsthesystemstabilityandsecurityindanger.Likewise, the high stochastic nature of renewable resources due to their generation variation leads to increasing the power imbalances and consequently frequency fluctuations that might threaten the overall stability and security of the system. On the other hand,increasingtherenewable-baseddistributedgeneratingunitsinthedistribution systems introduces new challenges tothevoltagestabilityandthe phase-balancing concerns. The recent advances in the measurements and communications systems, i.e., phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs) open a promising environment for developing new control and protec- tion approaches that can help solving the renewable energy and modern power system’stechnicalissues.Wide-areamonitoringsystemsprovidethemodernpower systems with the real-time electric quantities. Based on these quantities, the power systemstabilityandsecuritycanbemonitoredandassessedinreal-timeframework. Therefore,thestabilityandsecurityofthemodernenergysystemcanbeguaranteed in a suitable level using new wide-area control and protection schemes. This book introduces chaptersfordevelopingsuchschemes thatcanbringseveraladvantages toboththesystemoperatorsandconsumers.Furthermore,thebooksuggestssmart wide-area sensor network (WSN) utilization beside WAMS that can enable the deployment of smart grid features, such as demand response, demand-side v vi Preface management, smart electric transportation and electric vehicle deployments, and active distribution networks. This book proposed new control and protection schemes that can improve the overall stability and security of wide-area future power systems. Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic Hassan Haes Alhelou Cairo, Egypt Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz Fisciano, Italy Pierluigi Siano Introduction The book is principally focused on wide-area power system stability, protection, and security. The book is sorted out and organized in twenty-two chapters. Each chapter begins with the fundamental structure of the problem required for a rudi- mentary understanding of the methods described. Chapter “A Comprehensive Review on Wide-Area Protection, Control and Monitoring Systems”: The damping enhancement of power system oscillations remains one of the challenging current interests for secure and reliable operation. Thispaperpresentsacomprehensiveoverviewofanovelcontrolschemethatcon- siders synchrophasors and Power System Stabilizers in coordination with an opti- mized Load Frequency Control loop in order to resolve the undamped local and wide-areaoscillatorytroubles.Accordingly,aRobustFuzzyPSSusinglocalsignals is first examined. Additionally, an Inter-Area PSS based on high-sampling rate phasor measurement unit is investigated. In fact, using time-synchronized mea- surements as control input signals will participate effectively in monitoring the energy management process. Thus, another configuration mixing local and remote controlinputsofaMixed-PSSisproposed.PerformancesofthesePSSsareevaluated incoordinationwithatunedPI-basedloadfrequencycontroldesignunderdifferent operatingconditions.Resultsonamodified9-BusIEEEtestsystemincludingDFIG windturbinesarereportedinordertojustifytheproposal’sapplicability. Chapter “Introduction to WAMS and Its Applications for Future Power System”: Nowadays, the increase in electrical energy consumption and power system restructuring have posed new challenges to the operation, control, and monitoring of power systems. In this situation, the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is not enough to ensure power system security and stability. The SCADA is often unable to measure data of all buses simultaneously. In addition, the sampling rate in this system is not enough for some power system applications. Therefore, the information obtained from SCADA does not show power system dynamics properly. In order to improve the power system monitor- ing,wide-areameasurementsystem(WAMS)hasbeendevelopedtoovercomethe problemsofSCADAsystem.Phasormeasurementsunits(PMUs)arethemainpart vii viii Introduction of WAMS system and it basically consists of three essential processes including collecting, transmitting, and analyzing data. WAMS receives obtained data via a high-speed communication links. After data processing and extracting appropriate information, decisions are made to improve the power system performance. Efficientuseofpowersystemdatatoachieveasecureoperationstrategyistargeted using the WAMS system. Due to the effective role of WAMS and PMUs in the reliable operation of power system, it is necessary to study their concept and applicationsinthischapter.ThehistoryofPMUanditsstructureispresentedinthis chapter. In addition, the necessity of WAMS for future power system and its difference from SCADA system have been investigated in this chapter. Different algorithmsandapplicationoftheWAMSarealsointroducedinthischapterwhich can be implemented to improve the performance of the future power system. Chapter “Information and Communication Infrastructures in Modern Wide-Area Systems”: Information and communication infrastructures (ICIs) in modern wide-area systems handle the transmitting, receiving, and storing of high-speed, large-volumesynchrophasordata.Suchinfrastructuresareimportantcomponentsin modernwide-areasystems.Althoughpowersystemsarebecomingrathercomplex, withtheintroductionofsynchrophasortechnology,thehighlyaccurate,high-speed, widely deployed, and time-synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) are providingoperatorsandauditors anunprecedentedwaytounderstandthecomplex power systems. Consequently, these advanced PMUs challenge the current infor- mation and communication infrastructures. This chapter reviews the basics, chal- lenges,andvisionsoftheICIsinwide-areamonitoringsystems(WAMS).Authors willfirstoverviewsomeimportantwide-areaICItopicsandshareourexperiencein buildinganefficient,reliable,andsecuredistribution-levelWAMS,FNET/GridEye. Authors will introduce some key technologies that ensure the efficiency and reli- abilityofsuchaWAMS.Finally,someoutstandingchallengesandfuturedirections of the contemporary ICIs are discussed and envisioned. Chapter “Wide-Area Measurement Systems and Phasor Measurement Units”: Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) is a collective technology to monitor powersystemdynamicsinreal-time,identifysystemstabilityrelatedweakness,and helps to design and implement counter measures. It uses a global positioning system (GPS) satellite signal to time synchronize from phasor measurement units (PMUs)atimportantnodesinthepowersystem,sendsreal-timephasor(angleand magnitude) data to a Control Center. The acquired phasor data provide dynamic informationonpowersystems,whichhelpoperatorstoinitiatecorrectiveactionsto enhance the power system reliability. The goals of WAMS are real-time monitor- ing, post disturbance analysis, adaptive protection, and power system restoration. The major components of WAMS are Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC), Global Positioning System (GPS for Time Synchronization of the phasors), Communication channel (Preferably optical fiber cable), Visualization and analysis tools, Wide-area situational awareness system, and Wide-area protection and control. Introduction ix Chapter “Optimal Selection of Phasor Measurement Units”: Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU)isanimportantdeviceforthepowersystemoperationasitprovidesthe synchronizeddatarequiredforthemonitoring,protection,andcontrolofthepower system. So, to deploy the PMUs for the power system, their optimal locations are needed tobeidentified.ThispaperpresentstheoptimalselectionofPMUsetfrom theavailablesetsofPMUs.Firstly,itobtainsallpossiblesetsofPMUsrequiredfor the complete observability of the power system. Then, it defines four criteria such as System Observability Index (SOI), Restorable Islands Observability Index (RIOI), Critical Bus Observability Index (CBOI), and Critical Line Observability Index(CLOI)fortheselectionofbestPMUset.Later,theMulti-AttributeDecision Making (MADM) techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE), and Compromise Ranking Method (VIKOR) have been used for the optimal selection of PMU set. This selection has been tested on some of the IEEE test systems. The results are then compared to analyze the performance of these four methods. Chapter “Coordinated Designs of Fuzzy PSSs and Load Frequency Control for Damping Power System Oscillations Considering Wind Power Penetration”: The dampingenhancementofpowersystemoscillationsremainsoneofthechallenging current interests for secure and reliable operation. This paper presents a compre- hensive overview of a novel control scheme that considers synchrophasors and Power System Stabilizers in coordination with an optimized Load Frequency Control loop in order to resolve the undamped local and wide-area oscillatory troubles. Accordingly, a Robust Fuzzy PSS using local signals is first examined. Additionally, an Inter-Area PSS based on high-sampling rate phasor measurement unitisinvestigated.Infact,usingtime-synchronizedmeasurementsascontrolinput signals will participate effectively in monitoring the energy management process. Thus,anotherconfigurationmixinglocalandremotecontrolinputsofaMixed-PSS isproposed.PerformancesofthesePSSsareevaluatedincoordinationwithatuned PI-based load frequency control design under different operating conditions. Results on a modified 9-Bus IEEE test system including DFIG wind turbines are reported in order to justify the proposal’s applicability. Chapter “Wide-Area Monitoring of Large Power Systems Based on Simultaneous ProcessingofSpatio-TemporalData”:Accurateidentificationofelectromechanical oscillations on power systems and determination of its stability condition is a fundamental process in order to carry out an appropriate control action to prevent the partial loss or complete blackout of the system. However, the nonlinear char- acteristics of measured variables often lead to incorrect information about the development of the electromechanical oscillations, making wide-area monitoring a challengingtask.Inaddition,significantamountofinformationinextralargepower systems is produced, which has to be stored on local servers requiring large amountsofcentralprocessingunit(CPU)storage.Forthesereasons,algorithmsfor BigDataproblemsinpowersystemsarerequiredandthemethodspresentedonthis
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