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Securitisation of Terrorism in Indonesia ALI ABDULLAH WIBISONO Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015 Securitisation of Terrorism in Indonesia Abstract This study explores the securitising move attempted by the government of President MegawatiSukarnoputrithroughthe promulgationofInterim Laws 1/2002 and2/2002 onTerrorism CrimeEradicationandtheirstipulationasstatutesin2003areexaminedinthisstudy.Thisstudyalso examines the discussion of the meaning of and appropriate responses to terrorism in Indonesia’s mainstream print media before (1998-2002) and after (2003-2010) with reference to the securitisation process. The goal of this thesis is to illustrate the continuing influence of the political meaning of terrorism on the articulated speech act of the government and the responses of the audiences. This study shows that the political interpretation of terrorism continually influences its treatmentasapublicissue,politicisedissueandsecuritisedissue.Beforeitssecuritisation,terrorism was interpreted as politically motivated violence intended to create disorder and communal conflicts, destabilise the executive power and thwart attempts to put former President Suharto on trial. Terrorism was also seen as an attempt to discredit Indonesian Islam as the perpetrators were described as belonging to an Islamic group. In the aftermath of the 2002 Bali bombings, these politicalinterpretationswereovercomebythesecuritisationofterrorismasanextra-ordinarycrime. The choice of language (repertoire) of the government’s securitising move indicated an absence of the presentation of an existential threat to state survival. Instead, it emphasised the lack of legal instrumentsavailabletorespondtoterrorismasanextra-ordinarycrime.Thesecuritisingmovealso eliminated the political meaning of the concept of terrorism. Interim Law 1/2002 on Terrorism EradicationLawadoptedtheexclusionofterrorismcrimefrompoliticalviolence. The inherently political meaning of terrorism in Indonesia means that its securitisation rhetoric must choose a language of exceptionalism without invoking identities and political antagonisms. The presentation of terrorism as an extra-ordinary crime which needed immediate legal handling facilitated its approval in the parliament. On the other hand, the explicitly non- political interpretation of terrorism by-passed the differences between interpretations of terrorism andsecurityconceptsinthesecuritisation’swideraudiences. The success ofthe securitisationprocess,indicatedby the approvalofthe stipulationofthe Interim Laws as statutes, changed the way terrorism is discussed publicly: as a continuing danger which manifested in acts of terrorism, as part of global (Islamic) terrorism problem, as a religious radicalism problem, and as a problem of professional capacity of the security apparatuses. Nevertheless, it did not put the public’s political interpretation of terrorism to an end. Two notable frames, the connection between acts of terrorism and local and national elections and their interpretationasameanstodiscreditIndonesianIslamcontinuedtoappearinthemediacoverage. This study provides a compelling explanation of how the government adjusted its speech acts to frame terrorism as exceptional and one requiring different responses depending upon the prevailing narrative of the time. The adoption of an extraordinary measure in the aftermath of the Balibombingwasaccomplishedwithoutthepresentationofanexistentialthreatasthatwouldhave been counter-productive. This study thus provides an excellent account of Indonesian policy and addstoourunderstandingofhowissuescanbesecuritised. Acknowledgements IwouldliketothankmysupervisorsDrPaulineEadieandProfessorWynReesewhose advisesandfeedbackshavebeeninvaluableintheconceptionandwritingofthisthesis. IthankDrTonyBurnsandDrBenHollandfortheirconstructivefeedbacksontheearly draftsofthethesisastheydevelopedovertheyears. IalsothankthefellowPhDstudentsFionaWilliams,JennyMoreno,YumikoKaneko, VladimirRauta,FilipoBoniandArefwhohavebeensharingstoriesandaccompanythis thesis’writing. FinallyandmostimportantlyIthankmywifeTheaWibisonowhoselove,dedicationand patiencehavebroughtmesomuchjoyandhappiness. Thisthesisisdedicatedtothelovingmemoryofmyfatherwhoseeducationandlovefor me,mymother,andmytwoelderbrothershavemadeuswholehumanbeings. Table of Contents Chapter1 Introduction Introduction........................................................................................................................................1 ResearchQuestion..............................................................................................................................4 ConsiderationofSecuritisationFramework ......................................................................................5 ConsiderationofTerrorismStudies....................................................................................................9 CentralArguments............................................................................................................................12 SignificanceoftheResearch.............................................................................................................14 HistoricalBackground:FromIndependencetoReformasiEra.........................................................17 OrganisationoftheResearch............................................................................................................40 Chapter2 CriticalLiteratureReview Introduction......................................................................................................................................45 TerrorismasaPublicDiscourse........................................................................................................46 Theconstitutionofterrorismdiscourse...........................................................................................56 PublicDiscourseandGovernment’sResponsetoTerrorism............................................................64 PublicDiscoursesofTerrorisminIndonesia.....................................................................................70 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................77 Chapter3 ConceptualFramework Introduction......................................................................................................................................81 ThePublic/PoliticalProcessintheStudiesofSecuritisation............................................................82 PublicProcessandtheSecuritisationProcess..................................................................................94 PublicProcessandSecurityRhetoric.......................................................................................97 HistoricalandContextualConjuncture..................................................................................102 CollectiveMemory.................................................................................................................104 PublicProcessandAudienceApproval...........................................................................................106 Securitisationofthenon-RadicalOther..........................................................................................109 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................115 Chapter4 Methodology Introduction....................................................................................................................................118 UtilisingthePost-StructuralistDiscourseAnalysisMethodology...................................................119 Linking-and-Differentiation.............................................................................................................126 MediaFrames.................................................................................................................................129 Inter-textualisingAnti-TerrorismPolicy..........................................................................................132 HowAuthorityisConstructedinTexts...........................................................................................137 ResearchDesign..............................................................................................................................138 SelectionofCaseStudy..........................................................................................................139 SelectionofPeriodandEventsunderStudy..........................................................................140 WhatTextstoSelect..............................................................................................................142 TextsofParliamentaryhearings.....................................................................................................145 LawsandDraftLaws.......................................................................................................................147 MediaTexts.....................................................................................................................................147 HowtoReadtheSelectedTexts.....................................................................................................150 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................153 Chapter5 DiscoursesofTerrorismintheImmediateReformasiera(1999-2001) Introduction....................................................................................................................................155 TheFirstDemocraticElectionandCommunalConflicts.................................................................156 Terrorasprovocation......................................................................................................................159 TerrorasElection-Sabotage............................................................................................................164 TerrorasIslamMarginalisation......................................................................................................165 TheYearofthe‘PoliticalTerror’.....................................................................................................168 TerrorasInstability................................................................................................................168 TerrorasTerrorism................................................................................................................174 ChristmasEveBombingsandtheTensionbetweenFrames..........................................................179 TerrorasInstability................................................................................................................180 TerrorasWell-OrganisedWork.............................................................................................184 CriticalAcceptanceof‘Terrorism’Discourse..................................................................................188 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................190 Chapter6 SecuritisationofTerrorismIssueinPublicDiscourse Introduction....................................................................................................................................193 TheBuild-upof‘Al-Qaeda’sPresence’Discourse...........................................................................195 The2002Balibombings..................................................................................................................205 TerrorismasSecurityIssue.............................................................................................................206 TerrorismasSelf-Humiliation................................................................................................210 TerrorismasaCauseforNationalUnity................................................................................211 ContendingFrame: TerrorismasConspiracy.................................................................................213 Government’s‘Anti-Terrorism’Discourses.....................................................................................218 AParticularKindof‘Emergency’...........................................................................................219 Terrorismasan‘Extra-OrdinaryCrime’creating‘LegalInsufficiency’...................................222 TerrorismasCrimeAgainstHumanityJustifyingRetroactivity..............................................226 TerrorismandIndonesia’sTemporalIdentity.......................................................................230 PublicResponsetoAnti-TerrorismInterimLaws............................................................................235 Anti-TerrorismWithoutThe‘Terrorists’:HowNotToDesignatetheEnemy.................................237 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................241 Chapter7 ParliamentaryHearingsonAnti-TerrorismDraftLawsandTerrorismPublicDiscourse inPost2002BaliBombings Introduction....................................................................................................................................246 TheFormatofTheParliamentaryHearings....................................................................................248 TheExecutive’s‘Voice’....................................................................................................................252 How‘Extra-Ordinary’IstheAnti-TerrorismLaw?...........................................................................256 TheParliamentaryHearings............................................................................................................261 DefendingtheATL:ExceptionalismArguments..............................................................................262 SpecialCommittee’sResponse.......................................................................................................268 CriticalNotes...................................................................................................................................272 FinalPositions.................................................................................................................................276 TerrorismPublicDiscourseinPost2002BaliBombings.................................................................277 TerrorismasRealDanger.......................................................................................................279 TerrorismasAnti-IslamConspiracy.......................................................................................281 TerrorismDe-securitisation...................................................................................................282 Anti-TerrorismLawInAction..........................................................................................................284 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................289 Chapter8 Conclusion SummaryofCentralArguments......................................................................................................293 SummaryofFindings.......................................................................................................................297 SecuritisingActorsinIndonesia’sSecuritisationofTerrorism........................................................299 TheSecuritisingActorExceptionalised‘Terrorism’withintheStructureofPublicDiscourseof Terrorism ........................................................................................................................................300 ThesuccessofIndonesia’sSecuritisationofTerrorismIssueisduetoanabsenceofaParticular TerroristImage ...............................................................................................................................307 TheGovernmentwasabletoconvincetheParliamenttoPasstheAnti-TerrorismLawwiththe Virtueof‘LegalAdequacy’and‘LegalVacuum’Arguments...........................................................312 Thegovernmentestablisheditsauthorityinthesecuritisationprocessthroughdrawingreferences frominternationalandacademicterms.........................................................................................314 HowUsefulIstheSecuritisationFramework?................................................................................315 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................316 Abbreviations AFP AgenceFrancePresse AMIN AngkatanMujahidinIslamNusantara/NusantaraIslamicMujahidinForce AP AssociatedPres ATL Anti-TerrorismLaw(Law15/2003andLaw16/2003,identicalwithInterimLaw 1/2002andInterimLaw2/2002,respectively) BAKIN StateIntelligenceCoordinatingAgency(BadanKoordinasiIntelijenNegara) Bakorstanas CoordinatingAgencyfortheMaintenanceofNationalStability/BadanKoordinasi PemantapanStabilitasNasional BAIS StrategicIntelligenceBody/ArmyIntelligence(BadanIntelijen Strategis) BIN StateIntelligenceAgency/IntelligenceCoordinatingAgency(BadanIntelijenNegara) BNPT NationalTerrorismMitigationBody(BadanNasionalPenanggulanganTerorisme) CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency CSIS CentralforStrategicandInternationalStudies–Jakarta DENSUS88 Detachment88/PoliceAnti-TerrorSpecialForces DPR People’sLegislativeCouncil–IndonesianParliament(DewanPerwakilanRakyat) FID PeacefulIndonesiaForum(ForumIndonesiaDamai) FPI IslamicDefendersFront(FrontPembelaIslam) GAM FreeAcehMovement(GerakanAcehMerdeka) GOLKAR TheFunctionalGroup/Government’spoliticalparty(GolonganKarya) GPK SecurityDisruptorMovements(GerakanPengacauKeamanan) GULTOR Detachment81TerrorMitigation/Counter-TerroristUnitoftheIndonesianArmy SpecialForces(Detasemen81PenanggulanganTeror) JI Jema’ahIslamiyah Kassospol ChiefofSocialandPoliticalStaffoftheIndonesianArmedForces(KepalaStaf SosialPolitik) KNPI NationalCommitteeofIndonesianYouths(KomiteNasionalPemudaIndonesia) KOMNASHAM NationalHumanRightsCommission(KomisiNasionalHakAsasiManusia) KONTRAS CommissionfortheDisappearedandVictimsofViolence(KomisiUntukOrang HilangdanKorbanTindakKekerasan) KOPASSUS ArmySpecialForcesCommand(KomandoPasukanKhusus) KOPKAMTIB SecurityandOrderRestorationCommand(KomandoPemulihanKeamanandan Ketertiban) KUHAP CriminalProceduralCode(KitabUndang-undangHukumPerdata) KUHP PenalCode(KitabUndang-UndangHukumPidana) LAKSUSDA SpecialLocalExecutors(PelaksanaKhususDaerah) LIPI IndonesianScienceInstitution(LembagaIlmuPengetahuanIndonesia) MMI IndonesianMujahidinCouncil(MajelisMujahidinIndonesia) MPR People’sConsultativeAssembly(MajelisPerwakilanRakyat) MUI CouncilofIndonesianClerics(MajelisUlamaIndonesia) NI IslamicStateofIndonesia(NegaraIslamIndonesia) NKRI UnitaryStateofRepublicofIndonesia(NegaraKesatuanRepublikIndonesia) NU NahdlatulUlama OPM FreePapuaMovement (OrganisasiPapuaMerdeka) PAN NationalMandateParty(PartaiAmanatNasional) Pangab CommanderoftheArmedForces(PanglimaAngkatanBersenjataRepublik Indonesia) PBB MoonandCrescentParty(PartaiBulanBintang) PBHI LegalCounselandHumanRightsAssociation(PerhimpunanBantuanHukumdan HAM) PDI IndonesianDemocracyParty(PartaiDemokrasiIndonesia) PDI-P IndonesianDemocracyParty-Struggle(PartaiDemokrasiIndonesiaPerjuangan) PDU Umma’sSovereigntyParty(PartaiDaulatUmmat) PERPU InterimLaw/By-Law (PeraturanPemerintahPenggantiUndang-Undang) PK JusticeParty(PartaiKeadilan) PKB NationalAwakeningParty(PartaiKebangkitanBangsa) PKI IndonesianCommunistParty(PartaiKomunisIndonesia) PKKI IndonesianUnityandNationhoodPart(PartaiKesatuandanKebangsaanIndonesia) POLRI IndonesianPoliceForce(PolisiRepublikIndonesia) PPP UnityandDevelopmentParty(PartaiPersatuanPembangunan) TNI IndonesianArmedForces(TentaraNasionalIndonesia) UN UnitedNations UNSFIR UnitedNationsSupportFacilityforIndonesianRecovery

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rhetoric must choose a language of exceptionalism without invoking identities Criminal Procedural Code (Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata).
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Wibisono, Ali Abdullah (2015) Securitisation of terrorism in Indonesia. PhD thesis, University of PDF

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Securitisation of Terrorism in Indonesia ALI ABDULLAH WIBISONO Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015 Securitisation of Terrorism in Indonesia Abstract This study explores the securitising move attempted by the government of President MegawatiSukarnoputrithroughthe promulgationofInterim Laws 1/2002 and2/2002 onTerrorism CrimeEradicationandtheirstipulationasstatutesin2003areexaminedinthisstudy.Thisstudyalso examines the discussion of the meaning of and appropriate responses to terrorism in Indonesia’s mainstream print media before (1998-2002) and after (2003-2010) with reference to the securitisation process. The goal of this thesis is to illustrate the continuing influence of the political meaning of terrorism on the articulated speech act of the government and the responses of the audiences. This study shows that the political interpretation of terrorism continually influences its treatmentasapublicissue,politicisedissueandsecuritisedissue.Beforeitssecuritisation,terrorism was interpreted as politically motivated violence intended to create disorder and communal conflicts, destabilise the executive power and thwart attempts to put former President Suharto on trial. Terrorism was also seen as an attempt to discredit Indonesian Islam as the perpetrators were described as belonging to an Islamic group. In the aftermath of the 2002 Bali bombings, these politicalinterpretationswereovercomebythesecuritisationofterrorismasanextra-ordinarycrime. The choice of language (repertoire) of the government’s securitising move indicated an absence of the presentation of an existential threat to state survival. Instead, it emphasised the lack of legal instrumentsavailabletorespondtoterrorismasanextra-ordinarycrime.Thesecuritisingmovealso eliminated the political meaning of the concept of terrorism. Interim Law 1/2002 on Terrorism EradicationLawadoptedtheexclusionofterrorismcrimefrompoliticalviolence. The inherently political meaning of terrorism in Indonesia means that its securitisation rhetoric must choose a language of exceptionalism without invoking identities and political antagonisms. The presentation of terrorism as an extra-ordinary crime which needed immediate legal handling facilitated its approval in the parliament. On the other hand, the explicitly non- political interpretation of terrorism by-passed the differences between interpretations of terrorism andsecurityconceptsinthesecuritisation’swideraudiences. The success ofthe securitisationprocess,indicatedby the approvalofthe stipulationofthe Interim Laws as statutes, changed the way terrorism is discussed publicly: as a continuing danger which manifested in acts of terrorism, as part of global (Islamic) terrorism problem, as a religious radicalism problem, and as a problem of professional capacity of the security apparatuses. Nevertheless, it did not put the public’s political interpretation of terrorism to an end. Two notable frames, the connection between acts of terrorism and local and national elections and their interpretationasameanstodiscreditIndonesianIslamcontinuedtoappearinthemediacoverage. This study provides a compelling explanation of how the government adjusted its speech acts to frame terrorism as exceptional and one requiring different responses depending upon the prevailing narrative of the time. The adoption of an extraordinary measure in the aftermath of the Balibombingwasaccomplishedwithoutthepresentationofanexistentialthreatasthatwouldhave been counter-productive. This study thus provides an excellent account of Indonesian policy and addstoourunderstandingofhowissuescanbesecuritised. Acknowledgements IwouldliketothankmysupervisorsDrPaulineEadieandProfessorWynReesewhose advisesandfeedbackshavebeeninvaluableintheconceptionandwritingofthisthesis. IthankDrTonyBurnsandDrBenHollandfortheirconstructivefeedbacksontheearly draftsofthethesisastheydevelopedovertheyears. IalsothankthefellowPhDstudentsFionaWilliams,JennyMoreno,YumikoKaneko, VladimirRauta,FilipoBoniandArefwhohavebeensharingstoriesandaccompanythis thesis’writing. FinallyandmostimportantlyIthankmywifeTheaWibisonowhoselove,dedicationand patiencehavebroughtmesomuchjoyandhappiness. Thisthesisisdedicatedtothelovingmemoryofmyfatherwhoseeducationandlovefor me,mymother,andmytwoelderbrothershavemadeuswholehumanbeings. Table of Contents Chapter1 Introduction Introduction........................................................................................................................................1 ResearchQuestion..............................................................................................................................4 ConsiderationofSecuritisationFramework ......................................................................................5 ConsiderationofTerrorismStudies....................................................................................................9 CentralArguments............................................................................................................................12 SignificanceoftheResearch.............................................................................................................14 HistoricalBackground:FromIndependencetoReformasiEra.........................................................17 OrganisationoftheResearch............................................................................................................40 Chapter2 CriticalLiteratureReview Introduction......................................................................................................................................45 TerrorismasaPublicDiscourse........................................................................................................46 Theconstitutionofterrorismdiscourse...........................................................................................56 PublicDiscourseandGovernment’sResponsetoTerrorism............................................................64 PublicDiscoursesofTerrorisminIndonesia.....................................................................................70 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................77 Chapter3 ConceptualFramework Introduction......................................................................................................................................81 ThePublic/PoliticalProcessintheStudiesofSecuritisation............................................................82 PublicProcessandtheSecuritisationProcess..................................................................................94 PublicProcessandSecurityRhetoric.......................................................................................97 HistoricalandContextualConjuncture..................................................................................102 CollectiveMemory.................................................................................................................104 PublicProcessandAudienceApproval...........................................................................................106 Securitisationofthenon-RadicalOther..........................................................................................109 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................115 Chapter4 Methodology Introduction....................................................................................................................................118 UtilisingthePost-StructuralistDiscourseAnalysisMethodology...................................................119 Linking-and-Differentiation.............................................................................................................126 MediaFrames.................................................................................................................................129 Inter-textualisingAnti-TerrorismPolicy..........................................................................................132 HowAuthorityisConstructedinTexts...........................................................................................137 ResearchDesign..............................................................................................................................138 SelectionofCaseStudy..........................................................................................................139 SelectionofPeriodandEventsunderStudy..........................................................................140 WhatTextstoSelect..............................................................................................................142 TextsofParliamentaryhearings.....................................................................................................145 LawsandDraftLaws.......................................................................................................................147 MediaTexts.....................................................................................................................................147 HowtoReadtheSelectedTexts.....................................................................................................150 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................153 Chapter5 DiscoursesofTerrorismintheImmediateReformasiera(1999-2001) Introduction....................................................................................................................................155 TheFirstDemocraticElectionandCommunalConflicts.................................................................156 Terrorasprovocation......................................................................................................................159 TerrorasElection-Sabotage............................................................................................................164 TerrorasIslamMarginalisation......................................................................................................165 TheYearofthe‘PoliticalTerror’.....................................................................................................168 TerrorasInstability................................................................................................................168 TerrorasTerrorism................................................................................................................174 ChristmasEveBombingsandtheTensionbetweenFrames..........................................................179 TerrorasInstability................................................................................................................180 TerrorasWell-OrganisedWork.............................................................................................184 CriticalAcceptanceof‘Terrorism’Discourse..................................................................................188 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................190 Chapter6 SecuritisationofTerrorismIssueinPublicDiscourse Introduction....................................................................................................................................193 TheBuild-upof‘Al-Qaeda’sPresence’Discourse...........................................................................195 The2002Balibombings..................................................................................................................205 TerrorismasSecurityIssue.............................................................................................................206 TerrorismasSelf-Humiliation................................................................................................210 TerrorismasaCauseforNationalUnity................................................................................211 ContendingFrame: TerrorismasConspiracy.................................................................................213 Government’s‘Anti-Terrorism’Discourses.....................................................................................218 AParticularKindof‘Emergency’...........................................................................................219 Terrorismasan‘Extra-OrdinaryCrime’creating‘LegalInsufficiency’...................................222 TerrorismasCrimeAgainstHumanityJustifyingRetroactivity..............................................226 TerrorismandIndonesia’sTemporalIdentity.......................................................................230 PublicResponsetoAnti-TerrorismInterimLaws............................................................................235 Anti-TerrorismWithoutThe‘Terrorists’:HowNotToDesignatetheEnemy.................................237 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................241 Chapter7 ParliamentaryHearingsonAnti-TerrorismDraftLawsandTerrorismPublicDiscourse inPost2002BaliBombings Introduction....................................................................................................................................246 TheFormatofTheParliamentaryHearings....................................................................................248 TheExecutive’s‘Voice’....................................................................................................................252 How‘Extra-Ordinary’IstheAnti-TerrorismLaw?...........................................................................256 TheParliamentaryHearings............................................................................................................261 DefendingtheATL:ExceptionalismArguments..............................................................................262 SpecialCommittee’sResponse.......................................................................................................268 CriticalNotes...................................................................................................................................272 FinalPositions.................................................................................................................................276 TerrorismPublicDiscourseinPost2002BaliBombings.................................................................277 TerrorismasRealDanger.......................................................................................................279 TerrorismasAnti-IslamConspiracy.......................................................................................281 TerrorismDe-securitisation...................................................................................................282 Anti-TerrorismLawInAction..........................................................................................................284 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................289 Chapter8 Conclusion SummaryofCentralArguments......................................................................................................293 SummaryofFindings.......................................................................................................................297 SecuritisingActorsinIndonesia’sSecuritisationofTerrorism........................................................299 TheSecuritisingActorExceptionalised‘Terrorism’withintheStructureofPublicDiscourseof Terrorism ........................................................................................................................................300 ThesuccessofIndonesia’sSecuritisationofTerrorismIssueisduetoanabsenceofaParticular TerroristImage ...............................................................................................................................307 TheGovernmentwasabletoconvincetheParliamenttoPasstheAnti-TerrorismLawwiththe Virtueof‘LegalAdequacy’and‘LegalVacuum’Arguments...........................................................312 Thegovernmentestablisheditsauthorityinthesecuritisationprocessthroughdrawingreferences frominternationalandacademicterms.........................................................................................314 HowUsefulIstheSecuritisationFramework?................................................................................315 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................316 Abbreviations AFP AgenceFrancePresse AMIN AngkatanMujahidinIslamNusantara/NusantaraIslamicMujahidinForce AP AssociatedPres ATL Anti-TerrorismLaw(Law15/2003andLaw16/2003,identicalwithInterimLaw 1/2002andInterimLaw2/2002,respectively) BAKIN StateIntelligenceCoordinatingAgency(BadanKoordinasiIntelijenNegara) Bakorstanas CoordinatingAgencyfortheMaintenanceofNationalStability/BadanKoordinasi PemantapanStabilitasNasional BAIS StrategicIntelligenceBody/ArmyIntelligence(BadanIntelijen Strategis) BIN StateIntelligenceAgency/IntelligenceCoordinatingAgency(BadanIntelijenNegara) BNPT NationalTerrorismMitigationBody(BadanNasionalPenanggulanganTerorisme) CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency CSIS CentralforStrategicandInternationalStudies–Jakarta DENSUS88 Detachment88/PoliceAnti-TerrorSpecialForces DPR People’sLegislativeCouncil–IndonesianParliament(DewanPerwakilanRakyat) FID PeacefulIndonesiaForum(ForumIndonesiaDamai) FPI IslamicDefendersFront(FrontPembelaIslam) GAM FreeAcehMovement(GerakanAcehMerdeka) GOLKAR TheFunctionalGroup/Government’spoliticalparty(GolonganKarya) GPK SecurityDisruptorMovements(GerakanPengacauKeamanan) GULTOR Detachment81TerrorMitigation/Counter-TerroristUnitoftheIndonesianArmy SpecialForces(Detasemen81PenanggulanganTeror) JI Jema’ahIslamiyah Kassospol ChiefofSocialandPoliticalStaffoftheIndonesianArmedForces(KepalaStaf SosialPolitik) KNPI NationalCommitteeofIndonesianYouths(KomiteNasionalPemudaIndonesia) KOMNASHAM NationalHumanRightsCommission(KomisiNasionalHakAsasiManusia) KONTRAS CommissionfortheDisappearedandVictimsofViolence(KomisiUntukOrang HilangdanKorbanTindakKekerasan) KOPASSUS ArmySpecialForcesCommand(KomandoPasukanKhusus) KOPKAMTIB SecurityandOrderRestorationCommand(KomandoPemulihanKeamanandan Ketertiban) KUHAP CriminalProceduralCode(KitabUndang-undangHukumPerdata) KUHP PenalCode(KitabUndang-UndangHukumPidana) LAKSUSDA SpecialLocalExecutors(PelaksanaKhususDaerah) LIPI IndonesianScienceInstitution(LembagaIlmuPengetahuanIndonesia) MMI IndonesianMujahidinCouncil(MajelisMujahidinIndonesia) MPR People’sConsultativeAssembly(MajelisPerwakilanRakyat) MUI CouncilofIndonesianClerics(MajelisUlamaIndonesia) NI IslamicStateofIndonesia(NegaraIslamIndonesia) NKRI UnitaryStateofRepublicofIndonesia(NegaraKesatuanRepublikIndonesia) NU NahdlatulUlama OPM FreePapuaMovement (OrganisasiPapuaMerdeka) PAN NationalMandateParty(PartaiAmanatNasional) Pangab CommanderoftheArmedForces(PanglimaAngkatanBersenjataRepublik Indonesia) PBB MoonandCrescentParty(PartaiBulanBintang) PBHI LegalCounselandHumanRightsAssociation(PerhimpunanBantuanHukumdan HAM) PDI IndonesianDemocracyParty(PartaiDemokrasiIndonesia) PDI-P IndonesianDemocracyParty-Struggle(PartaiDemokrasiIndonesiaPerjuangan) PDU Umma’sSovereigntyParty(PartaiDaulatUmmat) PERPU InterimLaw/By-Law (PeraturanPemerintahPenggantiUndang-Undang) PK JusticeParty(PartaiKeadilan) PKB NationalAwakeningParty(PartaiKebangkitanBangsa) PKI IndonesianCommunistParty(PartaiKomunisIndonesia) PKKI IndonesianUnityandNationhoodPart(PartaiKesatuandanKebangsaanIndonesia) POLRI IndonesianPoliceForce(PolisiRepublikIndonesia) PPP UnityandDevelopmentParty(PartaiPersatuanPembangunan) TNI IndonesianArmedForces(TentaraNasionalIndonesia) UN UnitedNations UNSFIR UnitedNationsSupportFacilityforIndonesianRecovery

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rhetoric must choose a language of exceptionalism without invoking identities Criminal Procedural Code (Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata).
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