Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies PDF
Preview Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies
Why the West Fears Islam Culture and Religion in International Relations Series Editors: Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices By Fred Dallmayr Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile Edited by Fabio Petito and Pavlos Hatzopoulos Identity and Global Politics: Theoretical and Empirical Elaborations Edited by Patricia M. Goff and Kevin C. Dunn Reason, Culture, Religion: The Metaphysics of World Politics By Ralph Pettman Bringing Religion into International Relations By Jonathan Fox and Shmuel Sandler The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: The Struggle for the Soul of the Twenty-First Century By Scott M. Thomas Religion, Social Practice, and Contested Hegemonies: Reconstructing the Public Sphere in Muslim Majority Societies Edited by Armando Salvatore and Mark LeVine Beyond Eurocentrism and Anarchy: Memories of International Order and Institutions By Siba N. Grovogui The Public Sphere: Between Tradition and Modernity By Armando Salvatore Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of “Civilizations” in International Relations Edited by Martin Hall and Patrick Thaddeus Jackson Civilizing Missions: International Religious Agencies in China By Miwa Hirono Civilizational Dialogue and World Order: The Other Politics of Cultures, Religions, and Civilizations in International Relations Edited by Mich á lis S. Michael and Fabio Petito Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies By Jocelyne Cesari W W F I HY THE EST EARS SLAM A E M N XPLORATION OF USLIMS IN L D IBERAL EMOCRACIES Jocelyne Cesari ISBN 978-1-4039-6953-8 ISBN 978-1-137-12120-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137121202 WHY THE WEST FEARS ISLAM Copyright © Jocelyne Cesari, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-4039-6980-4 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C ONTENTS List of Figures vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Shari’a, Burqa, and Minarets; What Is the Problem with Muslims in the West? xiii 1 Muslims as the Internal and External Enemy 1 Part I In Their Own Voices: What It Is to Be a Muslim and a Citizen in the West 21 2 Islam: Between Personal and Social Identity Markers 29 3 Multiple Communities of Allegiance: How Do Muslims Say “We”? 49 4 Religiosity, Political Participation, and Civic Engagement 71 Part II Structural Conditions of the Externalization of Islam 81 5 Securitization of Islam in Europe: The Embodiment of Islam as an Exception 83 6 How Islam Questions the Universalism of Western Secularism 107 7 Salafization of Islamic Norms and Its Influence on the Externalization of Islam 129 Conclusion: Naked Public Spheres: Islam within Liberal and Secular Democracies 139 Appendix 1 Focus Group Description 147 Appendix 2 Focus Group: Moderator Guidelines 151 Appendix 3 Draft Survey of the Civic and Political Participation of German Muslims 155 Appendix 4 Berlin Survey Description (January 2010) 179 Appendix 5 Survey of Surveys 221 vi Contents Appendix 6 Master List of Codes 225 Appendix 7 Trends of Formal Political Participation 227 Appendix 8 European Representative Bodies of Islam 239 Appendix 9 Islamopedia: A Web-Based Resource on Contemporary Islamic Thought 241 Appendix 10 Major Wanabi Organizations in Europe 245 Appendix 11 Salafis in Europe 249 Appendix 12 Fatwas From Salafi Websites 255 Appendix 13 Data on Religiosity and Political Participation of Muslims in Europe and the United States 305 Notes 317 Bibliography 355 Index 375 F IGURES 1.1 Muslims in the West are seen as both the internal and external enemies 1 2.1 “How strongly do you identify with your country and your religion?,” United Kingdom 3 0 2.2 “How strongly do you identify with each of the following?,” US Muslims 3 0 2.3 “How strongly do you identify with each of the following?,” US Protestants 31 2.4 “Is religion important in your daily life?,” France 32 2.5 “Is religion important?,” United States 32 2.6 Religious levels, Germany 38 2.7 “Never attended a religious service,” Germany 44 2.8 “Attend a religious service at least once a week,” United States 44 3.1 Trust “a fair amount,” across 11 European cities 68 A7.1 Voted in last national election (2005), United Kingdom 228 A7.2 Voted in last national election (2007), France 228 A7.3 Voted in last national election (2005), Germany 228 A7.4 Voted in last national election (2006), the Netherlands 229 A7.5 Registered to vote, United States 229 A7.6 Informal participation, Germany 229 A7.7 Informal participation, France 230 A7.8 Informal participation, the Netherlands 230 A7.9 Informal participation, United Kingdom 230 A7.10 Informal political participation, Paris 231 A7.11 Informal political participation, Berlin 231 A7.12 Informal participation: Volunteer time, United States 231 A7.13 Informal participation: Given to charity, United States 232 A7.14 Muslims who voted, Paris 233 A7.15 Muslims who voted, Berlin 233 A7.16 Muslims who voted, Rotterdam 233 A7.17 Muslims who voted, Marseille 234 A7.18 Registered to vote, Protestants 234 A7.19 Registered to vote, Catholics 234 A7.20 Registered to vote, Jews 235 viii Figures A7.21 Registered to vote, Muslims 235 A7.22 Registered to vote, Mormons 235 A7.23 Registered to vote, other Christians 235 A7.24 Political alignment, France 236 A7.25 Political alignment, the Netherlands 236 A7.26 Political alignment, US Muslims 237 A7.27 Political alignment, US Protestants 237 A7.28 Political alignment, US Catholics 237 A7.29 Political alignment, US Mormons 238 A7.30 Political alignment, US Jews 238 A13.1 Non-Muslims who have an unfavorable view of Muslims 305 A13.2 Non-Muslims who have an unfavorable view of Muslims, Spain and Germany 3 05 A13.3 Non-Muslims’ perception of Muslims’ loyalty, France, Germany, and Britain 306 A13.4 Being less expressive about one’s religion is necessary for integration, France, Germany, and Britain 306 A13.5 “How strongly do you identify with your country and religion?,” France 306 A13.6 “How strongly do you identify with your country and religion?,” United Kingdom 3 07 A13.7 Consider themselves Muslim/Christian before their nationality, United Kingdom 3 07 A13.8 Consider themselves Muslim/Christian before their nationality, Germany 307 A13.9 Consider themselves Muslim/Christian before their nationality, France 308 A13.10 “How strongly do you identify with each of the following?,” US Catholics 308 A13.11 “How strongly do you identify with each of the following?,” US Jews 308 A13.12 “How strongly do you identify with each of the following?,” US Mormons 3 09 A13.13 “Is religion important in your daily life?,” United Kingdom 309 A13.14 “Is religion important in your daily life?,” Germany 309 A13.1 5 Religiosity in the United States 310 A13.16 Never attended a religious service, the Netherlands 310 A13.17 Never attended a religious service, France 310 A13.18 Weekly mosque attendance 311 A13.19 Identifying as Moroccan/Turkish/Iraqi first and then Dutch, Amsterdam 311 A13.20 Identifying as Moroccan/Turkish/Egyptian first and then American, Boston 311 A13.21 Confidence in institutions, France 312 A13.22 Trust in elections, United States 312 Figures ix A13.23 Trust in the FBI, United States 312 A13.24 What do you consider yourself first? 313 A13.25 Formal political participation, Berlin survey 313 A13.26 Informal political participation, Berlin survey 313 A13.27 Confidence in institutions, Germany 314 A13.28 Confidence in institutions, United Kingdom 314 A13.29 Trust in the military, United States 314 A13.30 Attended mosque at least once a week, United States 315 A13.31 Attended mosque at least once a week, the Netherlands 315 A13.32 Attended a religious service at least once a week, United States 315
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