Who's In and Who's Out Social Exclusion in Latin America Jere R. Behrman, Alejandro Gaviria and ...

200 Pages·2006·1.07 MB·English

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Who’s In and Who’s Out i
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Social Exclusion in Latin America k./
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Jere R. Behrman, evte:
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Alejandro Gaviria n b
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and Miguel Székely cw
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Editors eu
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Published by the Inter-American Development Bank t i
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Distributed by the Johns Hopkins University Press gr
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Washington, D.C. r
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2003 CF
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©2003 Inter-American Development Bank g
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1300 New York Avenue, NW ao
Washington, DC 20577 B.
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Produced by the IDB Publications Section a
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To order this book, contact: pw
IDB Bookstore ow
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Tel: 1-877-PUBS IDB/[phone] e
Fax: [phone] ve:
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E-mail: [email protected] Di
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www.iadb.org/pub n b
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The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not cw
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necessarily reflect the official position of the Inter-American Development Bank. rr
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Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the -si
Inter-American Development Bank ervi
Felipe Herrera Library t
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Who’s in and who’s out : social exclusion in Latin America / Jere R. Behrman, Alejandro heati
Gaviria, Miguel Székely, editors.
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p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. bor
© f
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1. Marginality, Social—Latin America. 2. People with social disabilities—Latin America— t i
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Economic conditions. 3. Discrimination in housing—Bolivia. 4. Discrimination in
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medical care—Brazil. 5. Nicaraguans—Costa Rica—Social conditions. 6. Labor mar- io
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ket—El Salvador. 7. Discrimination in education—Mexico. I. Behrman, Jere R. II. y
Gaviria Trujillo, Alejandro. III. Székely, Miguel. IV. Inter-American Development Bank. pr
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ISBN: 1-931003-42-4 LCNN: 2002116830
305.56 W122—dc21
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv e
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Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v s
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About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii g
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Chapter One Alu
Social Exclusion in Latin America: . p
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Perception, Reality and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 nr
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Jere R. Behrman, Alejandro Gaviria and Miguel Székely B.
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Chapter Two ea
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Residential Segregation in Bolivian Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 mw.
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George Gray-Molina, Ernesto Pérez de Rada and Wilson Jiménez
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Chapter Three ve:
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Social Exclusion and the Two-Tiered Health Care System in Brazil . . . 45 Dsi
Denisard Alves and Christopher Timmins n b
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Chapter Four rir
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Legal Status and Social Exclusion: mo
Nicaraguans in Urban Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 At
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Edward Funkhouser, Juan Pablo Pérez Sáinz and Carlos Sojo ervi
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Chapter Five Io

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Geographic Isolation and Labor Markets in Rural El Salvador . . . . . 109 hat
Ana Regina Vides de Andrade, Anabella Lardé de Palomo tm
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and Lissette Calderón Martínez bor
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Chapter Six t i
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Language Barriers and Schooling Inequality gr
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of the Indigenous in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 yrm
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Susan W. Parker, Luis Rubalcava and Graciela Teruel r
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Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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The authors are indebted to many people for their contributions at various e
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stages in the preparation of this book. We would particularly like to thank e
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Rodolfo Islas, Allan Pasalagua, Fabiana Tito and Ignez Tristao for their out-
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standing research assistance. Paul Schultz, Chris Udry and participants in h
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the Yale University Development Lunch and the IDB seminars associated
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with this research initiative provided valuable comments and advice. Fur- l b
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ther thanks are due to Norelis Betancourt, Rita Funaro and Raquel Gómez Au
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for their efforts in coordinating the projects that led to this book and the k./
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production of the book itself. Finally, we would like to thank John Dunn r
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Smith for his editorial efforts in helping to make the style and substance of Bb.

this work accessible to the widest possible audience. ntd
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PREFACE
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Social exclusion is closely linked with a wide range of economic problems in e
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Latin America. Individuals who lack access to the opportunities enjoyed by e
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others in health care, education and employment are prevented from reach-
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ing their full productive potential, which in turn holds down growth and t
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public revenues. These same individuals are also more likely to incur public g
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costs through health and social service expenses and, in some cases, through r
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crime. Moreover, when people lack the material means to improve their cir- l
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cumstances, or the knowledge of how to do so, social exclusion can persist p
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for generations. g
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These problems are further complicated by the subtle ways in which ao
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social exclusion takes place. Seldom if ever is there a “Keep Out” sign. Nor is b

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the exclusion of certain groups or individuals, in general, explicitly intended. n
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Instead, self-perpetuating networks of association and prohibitive housing mw.i
prices often prevent some people from gaining access to all the benefits of pw
society. In other cases, misperceptions among both mainstream society and ow
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members of excluded groups lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. e
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Who’s In and Who’s Out makes a unique contribution to the literature. et
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Based on the results of an Inter-American Development Bank Research Net- s
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work project, the book explores several forms of social exclusion, based on a ae
variety of criteria, in five countries of the region. The studies show that in cw
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whatever forms social exclusion takes, it affects the overall well-being of both rr
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individuals and society as a whole. mo
The implications of these studies are vast. Identifying the causes, mecha- At
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nisms and effects of social exclusion is essential to formulate policies that ervi
will enable the greatest number of people to lead productive lives and enjoy t
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the economic and psychological benefits of fully participating in society. Io

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Without this background knowledge, even the best-intentioned and most hat
lavishly funded initiatives can do little for marginalized and vulnerable sec- tm
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tors of the population. bor
Much work remains to be done in this field, particularly in Latin © f
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America, but Who’s In and Who’s Out represents a necessary first step in t i
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defining the terms of debate and setting the policy agenda in this insuffi- gr
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ciently understood aspect of development. rim
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Guillermo Calvo oo
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Chief Economist
Inter-American Development Bank
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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Denisard Alves is a professor at the University of São Paulo and a researcher e
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with the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas. e
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JereR. Behrman is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor at the University of
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Pennsylvania. g
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Lissette Calderón Martínez is a research economist with the Fundación l b
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Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (FUSADES). Au
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Edward Funkhouser is a professor of economics at the University of Califor- n
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nia, Santa Barbara.
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Alejandro Gaviria is assistant director of Fedesarrollo in Bogota, Colombia. n
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George Gray-Molina is a professor of economics at the Universidad Católica mw.
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Boliviana in La Paz.
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Wilson Jiménez is a researcher with the Fundación Diálogo in La Paz, Bolivia. vee:
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Anabella Lardé de Palomo is a research economist with the Fundación Dsi
Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (FUSADES). n b
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Susan W. Parker is a research economist with the Centro de Investigación y i
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Docencia Económicas in Mexico City.
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Ernesto Pérez de Rada is a research economist with the Fundación Diálogo i
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in La Paz, Bolivia. ervi
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Juan Pablo Pérez Sáinz is a researcher at the Facultad Latinoamericano de Io

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Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) in Costa Rica. hat
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Luis Rubalcava is a research economist with the Centro de Investigación y y
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Docencia Económicas in Mexico City. © f
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Carlos Sojo is director of the Facultad Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales t i
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(FLACSO) in Costa Rica. gr
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Miguel Székely is assistant secretary for planning and evaluation at the So- p
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cial Development Secretariat of the Office of the President of Mexico. oo
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Graciela Teruel is a professor of economics at the Universidad Iberoamericana
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in Mexico City.
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Christopher Timmins is a professor of economics at Yale University. r
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Ana Regina Vides de Andrade is a research economist with the Fundación e
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Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (FUSADES).
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