Who Were the Fascists?: Social Roots of European Fascism PDF
Preview Who Were the Fascists?: Social Roots of European Fascism
WHO WERE TOI FASCISTS WHO WERE THE FASCISTS Social Roots of European Fascism Edited by STEIN UGELVIK LARSEN BERNT HAGTVET JAN PETTER MYKLEBUST with the assistance of GERHARD BOTZ STEPHEN FISCHER-GALATI REINHARD KÜHNL PETER H. MERKL STANLEY G. PAYNE UNIVERSITETSFORLAGET BERGEN - OSLO - TROMS0 © UNIVERSITETSFORLAGET 1980 ISBN 82-00-05331-8 Cover design by Olaf G. Hexum Distribution offices: NORWAY Universitetsforiaget Postboks 2977, Teyen Oslo 6 UNITED KINGDOM Global Book Resources Ltd. 37 Queen Street Henley on Thames Oxon RG9 1AJ UNITED STATES and CANADA Columbia University Press 136 South Broadway Irvington-on-Hudson New York 10533 Printed In Norway by Rekiametiykk A.s, Bergen CONTENTS PREFACE......................................................................................................................... 9 PART 1. ON THE THEORETICAL STUDY OF COMPARATIVE FASCISM Reinhard Kuhnl Introduction ....................................................................... 12 Stanley G. Payne The Concept of Fascism ................................................ 14 Bernt Hagtvet and Reinhard Kühnl ■ Contemporary Approaches to Fascism: A Survey of Paradigms.................................................... 26 Stanislav Andreski Fascists as Moderates...................................................... 52 Alan S. Milward Towards a Political Economy of Fascism .................. 56 Bernt Hagtvet The Theory of Mass Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic: A Re-Examination......................... 66 Reinhard Kühnl Pre-Conditions for the Rise and Victory of Fascism in Germany.............................118 Bernt Hagtvet and Stein Rokkan The Conditions of Fascist Victory..................................131 Juan J. Linz Political Space and Fascism as a Late-Comer.............153 PART 2. VARIETIES OF FASCISM IN AUSTRIA Gerhard Botz Introduction ..........................................................................192 Gerhard Botz The Changing Patterns of Social Support for Austrian National Socialism (1918-1945)..................................... 202 Bruce F. Pauley Nazis and Heimwehr Fascists: The Struggle for Supre macy in Austria, 1918-1938..226 John Haag Marginal Men and the Dream of the Reich: Eight Austrian National-Catholic Intellectuals, 1918-1938 239 John Rath and Carolyn W. Schum The Dollfiiss-Schuschnigg Regime: Fascist or Authoritarian? .........................249 PART 3. THE FASCIST CORE COUNTRIES: GERMANY AND ITALY PeterH. Merkl Introduction ...................................................................258 Peter H. Merkl The Nazis of the Abel Collection: Why They Joined the NSDAP..........................................................................268 Nico Passchier The Electoral Geography of the Nazi Landslide.... 283 Friedrich Zipfel Gestapo and the SD: A Sociographic Profile of The Organizers of Terror..........................................................301 Renzo de Felice Italian Fascism and the Middle Classes........................312 Joseph Baglieri Italian Fascism and the Crisis of Liberal Hegemony: 1901-1922............................................................................318 David D. Roberts Potty Bourgeois Fascism in Italy: Form and Content 337 PART 4. FASCISM IN EASTERN EUROPE Stephen Fischer-Galati Introduction ...................................................................... 350 Jerzy W. Borejsza East European Perceptions of Italian Fascism........ 354 '' Yeshayahu Jelinek Clergy and Fase ism : The Hlinka Party in Slovakia and the Croatian Ustasha Movement.....................................367 Zeev Barbu Psycho-Historical and Sociological Perspectives on the Iron Guard, the Fascist Movement of Romania. 379 Miklós Lackó The Social Roots of Hungarian Fascism: The Arrow Cross ....................................... 395 György Rânki The Fascist Vote in Budapest in 1939...........................401 PART 5. THE DIFFUSION OF FASCISM IN SOUTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE Stanley G. Payne Introduction ........................................................................418 Stanley G. Payne Social Composition and Regional Strength of the Spanish Falange..................................................................423 Philippe C. Schmitter The Social Origins, Economic Bases and Political Imperatives of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal...........435 Beat Glaus The National Front in Switzerland .................................467 Zeev Sternhell Strands of French Fascism ... ;........................................479 Luc Schepens Fascists and Nationalists in Belgium. 1919-1940 ... 501 Daniele Wallef The Composition of Christus Rex...................................517 Herman van der Wüsten and Ronald E. Smit Dynamics of the Dutch National Socialist Movement (the NSB): 1931-1935.............524 John D. Brewer The British Union of Fascists: Some Tentative Con clusions on its Membership..542 Maurice Manning The Irish Experience: The Blueshirts...........................557 Yannis Andricopoulos The Power Base of Greek Authoritarianism ..............568 PART 6. FASCISM AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES Stein Ugelvik Larsen Introduction........................................................................586 Stein Ugelvik Larsen The Social Foundations of Norwegian Fascism 1933-1945: An Analysis of Membership Data.............595 Jan Petter Myklebust and Bernt Hagtvet Regional Contrasts in the Membership Base of the Nasjonal Samling..............................................................621 Hans Hendriksen Agrarian Fascism in Eastern and Western Norway: A Comparison .........................651 Sten Sparte Nilson Who Voted for Quisling?...................................................657 Hans-Dietrich Loock Support tor Nasjonal Samling in the Thirties ...............667 Risto Alapuro Mass Support for Fascism in Finland..............................678 Reÿo E. Heinonen From People’s Movement to Minor Party: The People’s Patriotic Movement (IKL) in Finland 1932-1944 .......................................................................... 687 Henning Poulsen and Malene Djursaa Social Bases of Nazism in Denmark: The DNSAP .. 702 Bernt Hagtvet On the Fringe: Swedish Fascism 1920-45 ................ 715 Asgeir Gudmundsson Nazism in Iceland..............................................................743 PART 7. COMPARING FASCIST MOVEMENTS Peter H. Merld.........................................................................................................752 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS...........................................................................................784 NAME AND SUBJECT INDEX...................................................................................789 Preface The last twenty years have witnessed a profound resurgence of interest in fascism, both as a political phenomenon, an econoriiic system and as a set of cultural beliefs and values. This interest, cross-national in focus and inter-disciplinary in method, has produced a vast literature, ranging from biographies of fascist leaders, traditional historical narrative accounts and detailed electoral studies to discussions of fascist ideology and more ambitious attempts at theory-building across single cases. A corollary of this scholarly concern has been a growing debate on the concept of fascism itself: was it a generic phenomenon produced by a deep crisis within Western civilization, or can it more properly be understood as a national response to specific problems arising out of and comprehensible only in the context of national historical trajectories? To these questions, this volume is devoted. Our purpose is to present a comparative overview of European fascism focusing on the socio-economic background and the collective and individual motivations behind the various fascist movements. The frontiers of research differ considerably from country to country. Hence the contributions to this volume vary both in terms of scope, empirical grounding and comprehensiveness. These variations become particularly glaring when comparing the material available on the larger fascist movements with research on the peripheral ones. In this book we have made an attempt to redress this imbalance by deliberately devoting more space to the lesser-known fascist parties. There is of course no argument that fascism in Germany and Italy was far more important than similar movements on the European fringe. But one leading idea behind this work is that not all fascist movements were sheer imitations. Most warrant study on their own terms. They all help to shed light on a complex phenomenon from new angles. The fascist impulse spread throughout Europe and was filtered through the political cultures of a dozen countries. What became specifically national in each movement, and whpt retained the character of borrowings from the ideological centres is in itself worth studying. Specifically, we want to draw attention to the following questions: 1. What is the best way to test various theories of fascism? How far can a strict sociological analysis take us in building a theory on the pre-conditions of fascist success in Europe? Which questions remain unanswered after a quantitative analysis of this kind has been completed? 2. Our aim is to construct a theory of fascism which is explicitly comparative. To what extent can comparative sociological analysis be brought to bear on the contro versial issue of «generic» fascism? What are the common features of the fascist impulse in Europe? Do these form a coherent pattem sufficiently general to warrant a concept of «generic» fascism? What precisely is the role of membership studies and electoral analyses for elucidating this question? 3. On a more practical level: What should the standards be for getting access to archives and organizing the vast material now available on the fascist movements in the interwar period? Would it be possible, either through UNESCO or other internati onal scholarly networks, to work out procedures in this field? In our work, systematic comparisons across countries have been made more difficult by the existence of numerous classification methods. Without some common agreement on what consti tutes a category, cross-national research is in constant danger of being rendered meaningless. 9 4. How should international co-operation between scholars in this field be organi zed? Should there be more institutionalized means of information exchange, a clearing central of some kind, more systematic attempts to publish abstracts of new work, or even ajournai solely devoted to studies of fascism? We want to raise these questions in the scholarly community and express the hope that this book will show the value of international co-operation in this field. The annual output of books now clearly exceeds what one single individual can digest in reasonable time. With more reference work, including summaries, duplication of efforts could be diminished and inspire further collective endeavors. We hope this book will accelerate further development along these lines. The book in its present form is an outgrowth of the proceedings at a conference on comparative Europeanfascism.heldin Bergen, Norway from June 19 to 21.1974. The conference was called to make a survey of the state of research on the social bases of fascist movements in Europe and facilitate communication among scholars. In editing the book we have aimed at comprehensiveness to make it useful as a text-book for courses both in history and the social sciences. Since the papers presented at the conference did not cover all the countries we wished to analyze, nor were sufficiently broad in scope, we decided to solicit original contributions from other scholars in the field. This explains the delay in preparing the entire manuscript for publication. We are most grateful to our assistant editors Gerhard Botz, Stephen Fischer-Galati. Reinhard Kühnl, Peter H. Merkl and Stanley G. Payne for their efforts to otganize their sub-sections. The reader will find as many as five articles on Norway. This is in part due to the availability of data on Norwegian fascism, information which hitherto has been largely inaccessible to English-speaking readers. But this predominance of Scandina vian work also reflects the book's origin as part of the research on the NS conducted at the University of Bergen. The book has been edited in a team, but Bernt Hagtvet assumed a major responsi bility for creating order and terminological coherence out of a series of disparate contributions. In this work he sought the advice and encouragement of the fellows and students of Nuffield College, Oxford, during the academic year 1975/76, to whom we are greatly indebted. Derek Urwin and Francis Castles, of the University of Bergen and the Open University, UK, respectively, also gave generous help in commenting on drafts presented to them. Esther Nilsen and Aslaug Aaseth undertook the laborious work of typing the many corrected versions. Our editors at Universitetsforlaget Knut Lie. and Janikke Mietle have given us constant support throughout the pro duction of the book. Their care and professional guidance have helped produce a better book. We would like to express our gratitude to them all. Finally, we should also like to record our gratitude to UNESCO for a grant under the Participation Programme which helped defray the cost of the conference. The University of Bergen provided facilities and financial support for which we are also grateful. Bergen, May 1980 Stein Ugelvik Larsen Bernt Hagtvet Jan Petter Myklebust 10
The list of books you might like
