Who takes science?: A report on student coursework in high school science and mathematics (AIP report)

72 Pages·1989·15.13 MB·English

by  Roman Czujko

WHO TAKESS CIENCE?
A Reporotn StudenCto urseworikn
High School ScieMnacteh emaantdi cs
RomanC zujkaon dD aviBde rnstein
The authowrosu lldi ktoe ac knowletdhgceeo ntribu­
tionosf nau mbeorfi ndiavlisdJ.uo hLna ym'ansen ­
couraegmenatn dd riwveer cee ntratlot haep provoafl
fundfso trh isst udHiys.s ubseqeudeinttor riealm arks
proveidn valuaasbw leel lB.e verlPyo rterm,an ager
ofA lP'Esd ucatianodn E mployment SDtiavtiis­tics
siowna,s i nstrumeinnht eallp ingi npp lraonv,i ding
direcatinodni nc ommentionngt hem anyd rafotfs
thisre pon e The authareor sal soi ndebttote hde ciorl ­
leagMuie,c haNeelu schfaotrtz h,em anyh ourhse
gavien a ssiswtiintgth h ea nalytisctrala teagnydi n
providiensgs entsital atisadtviiccathelr oughthoeur te ­
port.T hanarkesa lsdou et oD ouglCaamsp belaln d
GeorgeP allrfanodrt heir edciotmomrieananltd s
perspecatsie vdeuscr astF.oi nallweyar ,e g ratetof ul
BobS upifnora desithgenc ionv.ge r
Copyrigh©t 19A8m9eri canInsti tute ofPhy sics
All rightsre servedN.o part ofthi s publicmatiayob nere produced
withoputri owrirtte n penn issiono fth e publisher.
International StandardB ook Number0:- 88318-718-3
AlP PublicatioNumbenr : R-34De5ce,m ber1 989
Distributed by
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WHO TAKES SCIENCE?
A Reporotn S tudenCto ursewoirnk
HighS chooSlc ienacned M athematics
CONTENTS
LisotfF iguranedsT abl.e.s. .........................................................i..i.. .............................................
Intruocdtioann Hidg hli.g.ht.s. .........................................................v.. ............................................
A Notaeb othuetD ata ix
......................................................... .........................................................
Chap1te.Nr a tioTnraeln. d..s...... ........ ...................................... .................. ............... . .. ...1.. . ..... ...
Chap2t.eR re gioDniavle rsity. . . . 8
................. ............ ......... ................................ ..................... ......
Chap3t.ePr h syiacnsCd h emi.s..try.. .........................................1..5.. ..........................................
Chap4t.eR ra caned EthnBiacc kgr.o.u.nd. .................................2..5. .........................................
Chap5t.eThr e G endGearpi nM athemaantdiS ccise n.c.e. ............3.5. ......................................
Chap6t.ePr o st-SecSochnodoParyll a.n.s. ..................................4..5.. .........................................
AppenAd:i Lx isotfS attewsi theiancG he ograDpihviic.s i.o.n. .........5.4. .................................
AppenBdi:xC orrectEirrnogn ePohuyss Diactsa . . .. .. 55
...... ................. .. ........................... ..........
AppenCd:i Mxe thodolNoogti.ec.sa. ..l... ........................................5.7. .......................................
-i-
LISTO F FIGUREASN DT ABLES
NATIONTARLE NDS
Figures
1.P ercoefnh ti gshc hooofelfrsi pnhgy sbiycs sc hotoylp1 e9,8 7.
2.P ercoefns te nieonrrosl ilenhd i gshc hooofelfrsi pnhgy ssb iycs chotoylp1 e89,7 .
3.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a vteak esne lemcattehde imcaastn ds ciecnocsuere s,
1890.
4.H igshc hocoulrr icublysu cmh otoylp1 e89,0 .
5.P ercoefnh ti gh sscehnoiwoohlro hs a vteak esne lemcatetdh emaatnidc ss ccioeunrcsee s
byc urricutlyup1me9 ,08 .
6.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a vteak esne lemcatetdh emaatnidsc csi ecnocuer ses
bym atheimcaastc hievesmceonrte se narnodl limnae cnotl lpergeep arpartoogrrya m,
1890.
Tables
1.N umbeorfs tabtyel se voeflg r aduarteiqounin rteismnm e athemaatnidsc csi en1c89e0,
and1 985.
2. Freeqnuctyh apth ysiisoc fsf ebryes di zoefs enicolsra,1 s 987.
3.M eans tandarsdciozreoesnad c hievetmeesintnmts a theimsca,vto cabualnardry e ading
byc urricultuymp1 e9,08 .
REGIONDAWLE RSITY
Figures
7.Y earosfm athemactoimcpsl edtuerdigr nagd e1s-0 1w2i theiancg he ogradpvihiisci on,
1890.
8.Y earosf s ciecnocmep ledtuerdign rga d1e-01s2 w itheiancg he ogradpihviics1 i89o0n.,
9.P rjocetecdh anignte h neu mboefrh igshc hogroald uabteetsw e1e9n8a 0n d1 998w ithin
each geodgviriaspihoinc.
1.0 Percoefns te nieonrrso lilnae c do llperegpear atoorrg ye necruarrli cuwliutmhe ianc h
geogradpihsviiico1 n89,0 .
1.1 Higshc hogorla duaasta ep se rcoefna tl1 l7 a nd1 8y ear-owlidtshe iancg he ographic
divis1i89o0n.,
Tables
4.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a ve tsakeelne mcattehde mactoiuecrswss i theianc h
geogradpihviics1 i89o0n.,
5.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a vtea kseenl esccteidec nocuer wsietshe iancg he o­
grapdhiisvcii ,o1 n908.
6.L evoefle ducataisopniarlwa ittiheoiannc g he ograpdhiivci s1i90o8.n ,
7.M eans tandarsdciozreoesnad c hievetmeesintnmts a theimcavsto,c abualnardry e agd in
witheiancg he ogradpihviics1 i90o8.n ,
8.P ercoefn tc oplrleepgaer saetnoirwoyhr ohs a vtea kseenl emcattehde msaa tnidscc ience
courwsietshe iancg he ogradpihvii,cs1 i89o0n.
-ii-
PHYSIACNSD C HEMITSRY
Figures
12.Q uartmieldei,aa nnd m eans tandarsdciozroeendsa chievetmseetinsnt m atheimsca,t
vocabualnaryrd e adbiyns gt utd'ses nciebnaccek gr1o9u8n0d.,
13.Q uartmieldei,aa nndm eanfsoo rv ergarlalda esrs e porbtyse edn iwoirtdshi efrfesncti ­
encbea ckogurnd1s89,0 .
14.P ercoefns te nieonrrso lilnhe idg h sccurhirocoullt uymp ess cbiyeb naccek gr1o9un8d0,.
15.P ercoefns te niwoirtdshfi freenstc iebnaccek growuhnod sht aavkese pne cmiafitch emat­
iccso usres1,90 8.
16.P erceonfst e niwoirtsdh i efrfesnct iebnaccek growuhnord esp orptaretdi cipianti ng
speceixfitrca -curriaccutlisarv1, i9 8ti0e.
17. Anticicpoaltlemedagj eo rbsy s efxo rs tudeenxtpse cttione garn atl eaas bta chelors
deegre1,89 0.
18.A nticicpoaltlemedajg roeb ys tundt'ess ciebnaccek grfoousrne dn ieoxrpse cttoie nargn
atl eaasb ta chedleogrres1e 89,0 .
19.L evoefle ducataisopniarlba yth iiogsnhc hosocli ebnaccek gro1u90n8.d ,
Tables
9.S electcehdar acteorifss teinciwsoi rthshi gahp tiwthuodde i ndo tta kpeh ysso ircc hemis­
try,1 890.
RACEA ND ETHNIBCA CKGROUND
Figures
20.P ercoefnn te wp hysisccaileP nhcDees arn edb yU .SH.i spsan,Bi lacckasn dA merican
India1n79s71,-9 85.
21.Q uartmieldei,aa nnd m eans tandarsdciozroeendsa chievetmseetinsnt m atheimsca,t
vocabualnarrdye adbiynr ga caen edt hnic ba1ck90g8.r ound,
22.M athemasttiacnsd ardiozfes dt usdcewonirttpesho orre adsiknigbl ylr sa caen de thnic
backgro1u89n0d.,
23.H igshc hocoolm plertaitofenos r1 8a nd1 9y ear-oblydr sa caen de thnic background,
17941-895.
24.P ercoefns te niwohrohs a vtea kseenl emcattehde imcaastn ds ciecnocuer bsyer sa caen d
ethnbiacc kgro1u89n0d.,
25.D istribuotfis otnan dardiszceodro enms a themsaa tcihcievetmeebsnytrt a ce eatnhdn ic
backgraonucdnu dir crultuymp1 e98,0 .
26.L evoefle ducataisopniarlba ytr iaocanen edt hnbiacc kgr1o9u8n0d.,
27. Percoefns te ni1o9yr esa orfsa gaen d oblyrd aecrae n edt hnbiacc kgro1u89n0d.,
Tables
10.M atheimcaastn ds ciebnaccek groofuh nidgs hc hosoeln iwohross coorvee 6r0 tohne
matheimscaa tchievtesemtbe ynr ta caen edt hnbiacc kgr1o9u8nd0,.
-iii-
11.N umbeorfh oupreswr e eskp eonnth omewoarsrk e porbtyse edn iwoirtsah b ovaev er­
agaep titude abnyde t rhanbciaecc kgro1u98nd0,.
12.O vermaaltlh emagtriacdreses p orbtyse edn iboyrr asc aen edt hnbiacc kgro1u89n0d.,
13.P lafnosfir r syte ara ftheirg h sbcyrh aocoaeln edt hnbiacc kgro1u89n0d.,
GENDEGRA PI NM ATHEAMTICASN DS CEINCE
Figures
28.P ercoefnb ta chedleoegrresis n s eleficetleeddarns e db yw ome1n,79 11-985.
29.A verasgceo roenSs A T-Mb ys ex1,79 19-815.
30.D itrisbutioofsn t andarsdcizoerodenm s a theimcaastc hievetmeesbntysts e ,x1 890.
31.P ercoefnst e niwohrosh avtea kesne lecmtaetdh etimcsaa nds ciecnocueer sbs ys ex,
1890.
32.L ikeliohfto aokdi snegl ecmtatehde maatnidsc csi ecnocuer bsyem sa theimcaastc hieve­
mentte ssotcr aen ds ex1,98 0.
33.P ercoefnb ta chelmoarsst,Pe hrDsa ndp reossfiondaelg reearneesd b yw omen1,79 1-
1985.
34.Pr edominoacnctu patgiooabnlyass l e axn bdy l evoefel d ucataisopniarla1 t89i0o.n ,
Tables
14. Anticicpoaltlemedajg roeb ys eaxn adc hievleemve1en98lt, 0 .
POSSTE CONDASRCHYO OLP LANS
Figures
35.L evoefle ducataisopniraalbt yih oings hc hocourlric ulutmy p1e9,08 .
36.O ccupatgioosabn lyalh igshc hocourilrc ultuymp 1e89,0 .
37. Percoefns te niwohrohs a vteak esne lemcattehde maatnidsc csi ecnocrues ebsyl evoefl
educataisopniarla1 t9i8o0n.,
38.P ercoenfst e niwohrosh avteak entr igonomoeratry lgeIIb rbaya nticicpoaltleedg e
majro,1 908.
39. Percoefnst e niwohrosh avteak ecnh emisotrryp hyssb iyca nticicpoaltlemedagj reo,
1908.
40.P redomioncacanuttpi ognoaalbl ysl evoefel d ucataisopniarla1 t90i8.o n,
Tables
15. Occupatciaotneagloa rindes su bcateugesodiri net sh Hei gShc ohoaln dB eyonSdut dy,
1908.
16.M edisatna ndardsiczoerodena s c hievtemeesintnmts a themsav,to iccabualnarrdye ading
bya nticipatmeadj ro,1c 9o8l0l.e ge
17. Median stasncdoarrodenias zc ehdi evtemeesintnmts a themsav,to iccabualnardre ya ding
byl evoefel d ucataisopniarla1 9t8i0o.n ,
18.P lafnostr h fires ty eara ftheirgs hc hoboyll e voefel d ucataisopniarla1 t98i0o.n ,
19.P ercoefns te nipolrasn ntioan tgt eenidt hate rw oo rf ouyre arc olliengt ehfi er syte ar
aftehri gh sccohmopoarlte oda ctueanlr olldmaetbnayt r acaen de thnbiacc kground,
1908.
WhoT akeSsci ence? -i-v
INTRODUCTION
Educatiinao c no,n cepsteunacslae bn,e d escriabste hdie n terbpeltawyet ehqneu aloift y
instrucatnidtho en s tundt'es aptist,ua dmebisti,ao nnda spirsa.tI itopsnu rpoisnecsl ude
infonnsitnugd eabonutthtse p astte,a chtihnetgmoo petnh emiirn dtson ewp ossibislp,iro ti­e
viditnhge wmi tht hteo otlors e atchhe fiurlp lo tenatnida lg,e nperrealplaryti hnegtm ol ead
producltiisvv.eThe e informadtsiiucosnes di nt hiresp ordto enso dte adlie rctwliyt h the
qualoiftt eya chriantghi;eft roc ,u soenst hset udaenndtt h setru cturcaolm ponoefnt thesed u­
catioennavli ronment.
Our inteirnte hsets peicsir fiolcoe f s cieanncdem athemsa itnei dcucatTihoen .
scientifico ftl hiaetv eerracacigytei izsie,nnl argpear tt,h ree souflf to rmaeld ucaitnis ocni ­
ence.S ucehd ucahtainsoe nv beere mno riem porttahnatin nt od'asiyn creatseicnhgnloyl ogi­
caslo cieTtogy e.at f eeflosr t udeunntdse'r staannaddp ipnrge coifas tciioenin tic sec ,ri tical
toe xamithneeim ra stoefrb yai scs killle vaeslws e lalst heeixrp ostuomr oer e advcaonnc­ed
cep.t s
Theg oaolft hsri epoirstt op rovisdoem oef t hdea tnae csesrayt oe valuhaotwwe e ltlh e
seconsdcarhyo soyls tieswm o rkiAnngy.e xaminoaftit ohnee d ucastyiesomtnb egiwnist h
fundamenitsaslus eusca hsl iterraastc,eey q uaaccle stsoq ualeidtuyc atiaonndh, i gshc hool
complertaitoeInsta . l seon cpoamsswehse tshetru dheanvtes receiveadn dci onusntrsueclt­ion
incgo nsiwsittebhno ttt hh eiirn divaisdpuiarla atnitdoh lneos n tge rnme eodfst hseo ctyi.e
Then ationianlt eirnet shtee fif cacoyf theed ucastiyoesnmt t odaeyn cpoamesssm ore
thaonu rb ashiucm aintarainaden g alitcarioanrnncs e.I ti sa sloi no ur owni nsteetlrofe st
ensutrheei ntelldeecvteulaolpo mfte ondt'a syy outAhs.H arolHdo dgiknso(91n8 5h)a s
poinotuettd,o d'aswyo rfko rwciel l ifitrnsed et miernitn cogmeen erbaytt ehsdoe i ndiavsli du
currenitntl hyee d ucaptiipoenl Fiunrteh.e rmotroem,o rr'osww orfko rce bews ihlriln king
compatroet dhg eor uspi wti lnle etdos uppo"rtI.1n 9 5s0e,v enwtoereknep raisdt hbee nefits
foera crhe tirBeye .1 9o9n2lt,yh rweoer rksew ilplr ovtihdfeeun dfso era crhe tiarnede one
oft htehr eweo rkewrislb lea m inoyr".i t
Thef ocuso ft his rienpiotirisota n lc ourseinw osrcki eanncdme a themaatsoi nces
measuorfte h seu ccessaensds hortcoomfti hneegd su castsyitoenmT .h eb ulokft haen alyses
descriintb herides p owratsc arrioeudot n t hbea syee ard ata tfhroHemi gShch oo&l B eyond
Stuwdhyi cihsd escrliabteiedntr h cihsa ptReerl.a dtaetdfra o m otshoeurra credessi c uesds,
wheraep prrioaept,t ofi lolu tth pei ctpurorvei dbeytd h easnea sleys.
Thea nalypsoeitsno tt h feol lowgiennge trreanld Mso.s stt udwenhtoes n theirg shc hool
witsho lbiads sikci ilnlm sa theimcarste,a dinvgo caanbdu glearityn taoc ollpergeep aratory
progrTahme.s tudeonntt hsia sc adetrmaiccark e t hmeo st ltiotk aeklpeyh ycss,ci hemistry,
intermeadnidua ptpele erv mealt hemsa.Hti ocwevveerr,fy e wo ft hossteu dewnhtoars e n ot
inc ollpergeep araptrooragymr, si nclutdhionwsgie t shtr oncgo gnistkiivtleakl esa ,n oyf t hose
scieanncmdea themsac tiocsuresTh.e likeloifhm oaosdt etrhibenas gis ca nodf g ettiinngta o
collpergeep aractuorrircyu liussm tr onrgellya ttoe:d
1)w hertehs et udaetntte nds school;
2)t he ns'ttrusad ceiaVbeatchkngriocau nndd ;
3)t he osfte hxse t udent.
-v- IntroduacntiHdoi ng hhltisg
Iti s recotghnathitez reareed othefra ctaoferfcst itnhgpe r ocoefse sd ucaatnidmo ann y
ofth emar ed icsusseind d epitnht hfeol lowpiangge s. Htohweeayvp epret,aro bsee coofn ­
daryi mporttaotn hcmeeai nf actloirssat beodv Thei.sr eposrttre sstehsal te arninfgu ndamen­
taslki lls deoarehlsay v ael ontge rmi mpacItta. l so idseonmtoeif tfi hesese gmeonftht es
high spcohpouollaw thioaro enc apable bsutartue dn eoentxt sp otsoej dnu ioarn ds eniloerv el
scieanndcm ea themiasct.
HIGIll.JGHTS
NatioTnraeln ds
• Ovetrh ree-qoufart theheri sgs hc hosoeln iionr1 s9 8t0o oakl geIb,ar bao huatl tfo ok
geomeatryn da lgeIbIrw,ah illeest sh aonn ien t welhvaedt a kceanl lcuuSse.ni owresr e
twiacsel ikteolh ya vteak ecnh emitshtryat noh avtea kpehnsy isc( 3a7n d1 8%r,e spec­
tilvy.e)
• In 1980t,h e vmaajsroti toyfs tat(e3s9h )a df we,i f any, rsetqautierweiimdnee n ts
mathematisccsi eofnroc are h igshc hodopill omBa.y1 9854,2 s tarteeqsu irtewdo
yearosrm oroef e acshu bject.
• The likeliohfao soedc ondsarcyh ooofelfr isnugc h coauspr hsyessai ncdcs a lcuilsu s
relattothe edty peo fs cho(oplu blic, orco atthhpoerlrii evc)a,t,t h set aitnwe h icthh e
schoiosll o caatnedthd e,s izoeft heen rollment.
• Abou2t8 %o fa lhli gh sscehnoioarolerb so tehn rolilnae c do llpergeep aractuorrircyu ­
luma nds coarbeo vaev eroangte e sotfms a themaatcihcise veTmheevn at.sm ta jority
ofa lslt udewnhtots o ok catrilgcounloumseo,tryr p hyssc iocmfreo mt hissm aglrlo up
(796,9an d 66%,r espeyc.)ti Ovnellayh andoffus lt udents wnohto ciwonel rel ege
preparaptroorgyr raemgsar,d olfet shsec iorg nistkliilvtseo, oa kn oy ft hocsoeu sr.se
RegionDaivle rsity
• The overnaulmlbr oe fh igh school pgrjroeacdttueoadd te ecsl biyin1 se0 %b etween
1980a nd1 998.Ho wevtehrne,u mboefrs tudents gfrraotmdh uMeao tuinntgWa iens,t
SoutChe ntraanld Pasctiafiwtcie lsal c tuialnlyc readsueri ng thpaetr it(oi2dm32 e,2
and9 %,r espectTihvsue,la y g)r.e aptroepro rtoifto onm orr'oshw igshco holse niors
wilblea ttenngsd cihoionml a noyf t hosstea ttheacstu rrenctolmyoe u nte arth eb ottom
onm easuorfee dsu caitnmi aotnh emaatincds csi ence.
• The studeantttse nsdcihnogio nNl esw E nglaannddt hMei ddAltel anSatttiecgs r aduate
witthh meo st rigorousan dm sactiheebnmacacetko igucrns:d soovenrte h-irtdak etri ­
gonomentrye,ar loyn e-arqtuetrak eb othp hysaincdcs h emisatrnyd, oinne ei gthakte
calcusl.u
• Ovehra lofft he hsicghhos oeln iionrN se wE nglaannddt heMi ddAltel anartiec
enrolilnae c do llpergeep aractuorrircyu lmuoms,at s pitora eb achedleogrrsoe rme o re,
and they absocvtoerh neea tailoa nveroanga ec hievetmeesintnrts e agd,iv noacbulary
anmda theimcast.
WhoT akeSsc ience? -vi-
• The studeantttse nsdcihnogio nlt sh Eea sSto utChe ntranald WesSto utChe ntrgarla du­
atwei tht hlee arisgto romuasth emasta incds ciebnaccek grouonndlsoy:n es-ixtakteh tri­
gonometry, le1s0s%t athkbaeon t phh ysaincdcs h emisatrnydo, n loyn ei nt wenttayk e
calculus.
• Comparetdoh igshc hosoeln iionran sy otpharetro fth ec ountrys,t udeinntt hsEe a st
SoutChe ntral hthaevl eo weesdtu cataisopnialor nasst,ci olroew eorna chievetmeesntts
inre ading vaoncda bularyp,ro paonrdt ifoenwaeotrfet lhye arem enrolilnae c do llege
preparaptroorygr a(mb areolnye -aqrut.e r)
PhysaincdCsh emistry
• Moshti gshc hosoeln i(o6r%s0) h avtea kenne ithpehry sinocrsc hemisDtryra.m atic
attritioonc curs earvleyry theinm athemactoiurcsssee quencset ufdoewrnh tods o n ot
takpeh ysoircc sh emistry.
• Amonhgi gshc hosoeln iotrhsow,sh eo t akpeh yshiacvste h hei ghest achtieesvte ment
scoriensm athetimcasr,e adingv oacnadb ulParhyy.s ics stuadlesthnoet mso satr e
involinv eexdtr a-curriaccutilvari ties.
• Ane ducatiporoncaselss tartwiintgmh a stebriansgs ikci alnldes n rolilnia nnag c ademic
curriculwuimlm lo slti kerelsyu litns tudetnakintgs p hysaincds chemaisws etrlyal s
aspiritnog gr adufroamt eaf ouyre acro llege.
• Lestsh aonn eth irodf t hweo meinn a higshc hocohle misctrlsyaw siltla kpeh ysics,
whiolvee hra lofft he mend osw oil.l
• Nearl6y0 %o ft hset udewnhtos thaikgesh c hocohle mibsutrynt o pth ysariecf sme ale.
• Sutdenwthsoa nticimapjaotreiin neg ducadtuirionncg o llareegt eh lee alsitk eolfay n y
othseurrv eymeadj otroh avtea keahn i gshc hocoolu risne phsyo srci hcemisStryut.­
denwthso i ntetnomd a joirn t hhee alstchi enancde sso cial sarec ipernecdeosmi nantly
femalaen dare moslti ketlohy a vtea kcehne mibsutrynt o pth yssii nch igshc hool.
• Sutdenwthsoa nticipmaajtrinoeg ine ngineoerrit nhgpe h ysisccaile ndcuersic nogl lege
are overewlhminmgallyae n dar eth em oslti ketlohy a vceo mpleptheyds iinch si gh
school.
Racaen Edt hnBiaccgr kound
• Therei sa stronrge latiobnesthwieapec nh ievelmeevneitlnre s a dinagn dm athematics.
Sutdenwtist bhe loawv erargeea disnkgi larlesl iketloey x hibit similiarn problems
mathemsa.tC iocnverstehloysw,ei tshtro ngr eadisnkgi larel sl iketlody o w eliln
matheimsca.t
• Amongs tudewnittsph o or resakdiinlBgll csak,s aHnids panariec mso rel ikethlayn
AsiaonrWs h itteohs a vper obmlswe itmha themaatiswc esl l.
• Among stuwdietsnhtrt osn rge adisnkigl lAss,i aannsdW hitarees m orel ikelthya n
BlacokrsHi spantioch sa vsetr onmga thecmasst kiills.
• 84%o ft heB lacskt udeanntd7s 8 %o ft heHi spansitcu desnctosrl eo weirnt he
mathemataicchsi evetmeetsnhtta t nh aev erWahgei tset udent.
-vii- IntroducatinodHin g hlights
• Amonsgt udewnitthes x ceptmiaotnhaelms aa ticchievetmeessntcret os ,B lcaks tudents
are morlei ketlhyas nt udefrnotmas n yo threarc igalr outpot akbeo tphh yiscasn d
chemistry.
Blcaks tudehnatvhsei gpho st-secsocnhdoeaoxrylp ectbautiptoro npso rtifoenwaar le ly
•
enrollinec do llpergeep araptroogrrya ms.
• Amonsge niwoirtsah b ovaev erage acshcioervieenmsm a etnhtae timsc,H ispaarnei cs
thlee alsitk teolb yee nrolilnae c do llpergeep araptroogrrya m.
ThGee ndGeapr i nM athemaatniSdcc si ence
• Femalseocsrle o wtehra mna loenst esotfms a themaatcihcise vement.
• Femaleansd malearsee quallilkyet olt ya kael geIb,br uamt a leasrs eo mewhmoarte
liketloty a kgee omeatrlyg,e IbIar nad c hemisItrntriy g.o nomeatrnydc alcsu,hl ouw­
evemra,l oeust numfbmeearl beys3 t o2 .
• Malaen dfme aless tudewnhtoss c oerqeu alwleylo lnt hmea themaatcihcise vetmeesntt
aree quallilkyte olt ya kceh emiasntrtridyg onoemtry.B utf mealoefsh igmha thematics
aptitusdoem earwelh easts tlhiakmneal leoysf s imialpart ittuot daekc ela cusl.u
• Sginificafnetwleyfr e malsetu denwtist ehx ceptiaocnhaielv etmeesnsttc oriens
mathemattakiepc hsy ssc iocmparteodt hemiarl cel assmwaittiehds e ntitceassltc o sr.e
Therea ppetarob eu niqbuaerri ekrese pfimenagl oeusot f p hyscilcass ses.
• Evetnh ouwgohm earne p articipaitnti hnlega bfoorer cand inh igheedru caitino n
reconrudm betrhse,ary e s tihlela vdirlayw inn tfome aled ominactareede anrds i nfre­
quenmtolvyie n ttroa diiotnamlallcyear eers.
• Neithdeiref rfenicnem sa themaatcihcise venmoderin ftfn ecreesm aitnh emaatincdss c i­
encceo urosreckw aanc cofuontrth oev erwheglemnidnegr -driefflenarcteeeidsne duca­
tioannalod c cautpiognoaalls .
• In manyw ayst,h aes piraotifo nhsai cghhi efvmeianlger se semlbolwae c hiemvoerres
thatnh edyot haes piraotfhi ioganhcs h iemvailnegs .
Post-SecSocnhdoPaolryla ns
• Sutdenwtist shtr oncgo gnistkiivhleal vshe i gehd ucational anadsa psipritarote i ons
prestiogcicouupssa .tio n
• Educatpiloananarslre e lattote hdte y poefc urricuilnwu hmi csht udeanretenrs o lled.
Howevtehrre,e latiboentswheioepcn c upatioobjnceatilv easn dc urricutlyupsmee ems
evesntr onger.
• Theries a stronrge latiboentswhelieopnn t ge rmg oaalnsd cotuarkseeOnsf.t hset u­
denwthso e xpeactlt e afsoutry eard egrse,6e 0%t oohki gh schoola ncd3h 2e%m istry
toopkh yss.iO cft howsheoe xpelcetst hsa fno uyre adre groenels1y 0 %t oopkh syisc.
• Amontgh ceo llege sebnoiuionnrdts,e ntdomi anjgoi rne ducaarteit ohnle e alsitk teol y
havtea kheing h spchhyosoailnc idsn termeldeivametalet hemactoriuscess .
• Sutdenwthso e xpetcotgr aduafrtoem twoy eari nstiturteiposrneesnth te most
WhoT akeSsci ence? -viii-