WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants

456 Pages·2009·4.92 MB·English

WHO monographs on
selected
medicinal
plants
Volume 4

WHO
monographs
on selected
medicinal plants
VOLUME 4
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Vol. 4.
1. Plants, Medicinal. 2. Angiosperms. 3. Medicine, Traditional. I. WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal
Plants (4th: 2005: Salerno-Paestum, Italy) II. World Health Organization.
ISBN 978 92 4 154705 5 (NLM classification: QV 766)
© World Health Organization 2009
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press,
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Printed in Spain
Contents
Acknowledgements v
Introduction 1
General technical notices 5
Monographs (inalphabetical order of plant name)
Fructus Agni Casti 9
Cortex Berberidis 30
Gummi Boswellii 48
Semen Cardamomi 61
Fructus Chebulae 71
Semen Cucurbitae 83
Folium Cynarae 92
Cortex Granati 108
Pericarpium Granati 117
Folium Guavae 127
Lichen Islandicus 140
Fructus Macrocarponii 149
Cortex Magnoliae 167
Herba Millefolii 179
Fructus Momordicae 192
Fructus Myrtilli 210
Radix Panacis Quinquefolii 226
Cortex Phellodendron 244
Rhizoma Picrorhizae 258
Oleum Ricini 271
Aetheroleum Rosmarini 284
Folium Rosmarini 294
Cortex Salicis 309
Fructus Tribuli 323
Flos Trifolii 335
iii
Contents
Ramulus cum Uncis Uncariae 353
Cortex Viburni Prunifolii 364
Radix Withaniae 373
Annex 1
Participants of the Fourth WHO Consultation
on Selected Medicinal Plants Salerno-Paestum,
Italy, 3–6 October 2005 392
Annex 2
Cumulative index (in alphabetical order of plant name) 395
Annex 3
Cumulative index (in alphabetical orderof plant
material of interest) 397
Annex 4
Cumulative index of medicinal plants (in alphabetical
order of Latin binomial plant name) 400
Annex 5
Cumulative index of major chemical constituents
(by compound namein alphabetical order) 406
Annex 6
Cumulative index of major chemical constituents
(ordered by CAS number) 430
Annex 7
Cumulative index of major chemical constituents
(ordered by molecular formula) 437
iv
Acknowledgements
Special acknowledgement is due to Professor Norman R. Farnsworth,
Professor Harry H.S. Fong, and Professor Gail B. Mahady of the WHO
Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy,
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, for drafting and re-
vising the monographs. Special acknowledgement is also due to Dr Ray-
mond Boudet-Dalbin of the Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Uni-
versity of René Descartes, Paris, France, for drawing the chemical
structures and for compiling the index of major chemical constituents in-
cluding information on their molecular formula and CAS numbers. The
photograph for the front cover was kindly provided by the Research
Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical
Innovation, Tsukuba City, Japan.
WHO also acknowledges with thanks the valuable work of the ap-
proximately 200 experts including 81 national health authorities, who
provided comments and advice on the draft texts; those who submitted
comments through the World Self-Medication Industry (a nongovern-
mental organization in official relations with WHO) and the Internation-
al Federation of Pharmacists (a nongovernmental organization in official
relations with WHO); and those who participated in the Fourth WHO
Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants held in Salerno-Paestum, Italy,
in October 2005 to review the monographs (see Annex 1).
Sincere appreciation is extended to the Ministry of Health of Italy, the
Government of the Province of Campagna, Italy, the Municipal Govern-
ment of Salerno, Italy, and the State University of Salerno, who hosted the
above-mentioned Fourth WHO Consultation and supported it financial-
ly. Finally, WHO wishes to express thanks to Mr Raymond Tsai, Boston,
USA, Dr Hermann Garden, Basel, Switzerland, Ms Lynn Morra, Abu
Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and Ms Tina Lu, Rochester, USA, for their
indispensable assistance in finalizing and editing the manuscripts.
v

Introduction
Increasing role of the WHO monographs on selected
medicinal plants
Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the
use of herbal medicine; however, there is still a significant lack of research
data in this field. Therefore since 1999, WHO has published three vol-
umes of the WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants: volume 1
includes 28 monographs; volume 2 contains an additional 30 monographs;
and volume 3 provides 31 monographs. Including the 28 new monographs
published in this volume, a total of 118 monographs in four volumes are
now available on the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/
en/m/abstract/Js14213e/).
Due to the diversity of medicinal plants and herbal medicines, it is dif-
ficult for WHO to continue to develop more monographs on commonly
used medicinal plants. One of the objectives of WHO monographs is to
provide a model that will support countries in developing their own na-
tional or regional monographs on medicinal plants or national formular-
ies on herbal medicines. Experts can be trained through the process of
developing country-specific or regional monographs, and national capac-
ity in this field can thus be built up.
For example, at WHO’s regional training workshop on regulation of
herbal medicines held for the WHO European Region, in September
2003, the participating national drug regulatory authorities of many of the
Newly Independent States (NIS) submitted their request to WHO di-
rectly, for assistance in the development of monographs on medicinal
plants commonly used in NIS.
In order to respond to their urgent need, WHO initiated a new project
to develop a set of regional (NIS) monographs on commonly used me-
dicinal plants, based on available scientific information relating to their
safety, efficacy and quality, which will facilitate the creation of effective
and practical regulatory and quality assurance measures on herbal medi-
cines. WHO has been working with 15 national drug regulatory authori-
ties interested in this publication in NIS, Countries of Central and Eastern
1
Introduction
Europe (CCEE) and their neighbouring countries, in close collaboration
with the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The 13 new monographs on
commonly used medicinal plants in NIS have been drafted based on the
format of the WHO monographs by the experts in NIS and CCEE coun-
tries with the support of experts, national health authorities and NGOs
within and also outside the NIS and CCEE countries. The WHO mono-
graphs on medicinal plants commonly used in NIS have been completed
and will be published soon. Based on the NIS countries model, in the fu-
ture, WHO would like to cooperate with more countries or regions to
develop their monographs on commonly used medicinal plants.
Preparation of monographs for volume 4
Selection of medicinal plants
The selection of medicinal plants for inclusion in the WHO monographs
is based on worldwide use. The medicinal plants selected must meet two
major criteria: (1) they must be in common use in at least two WHO Re-
gions; and (2) there must be sufficient scientific data available to satisfy
the requirements of the various sections in the monograph format.
The recommended selection criteria discussed at the Third WHO
Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants (Ottawa, Canada, July 2001)
were applied to the preparation of volume 4 of the WHO monographs.
Preparation
During the preparation of volume 4, more than 200 experts were involved
in addition to members of WHO’s Expert Advisory Panel on Traditional
Medicine, a significant expansion compared to the numbers involved in
the previous three volumes. National drug regulatory authorities in
81 countries participated in the process, again a greater number than for
the previous volumes. This global network of active players facilitated
wider access to the available scientific references and information, in terms
of both quality and quantity. This considerable level of support contrib-
uted greatly to the efficiency of the preparation process.
The Fourth WHO Consultation on Selected Medicinal Plants was held
in Salerno-Paestum, Italy, in October 2005 to review and finalize the draft
monographs. Thirty-four experts and drug regulatory authorities from
WHO Member States participated (Annex 1). Following extensive dis-
cussion, 28 of the 32 draft monographs were adopted for inclusion.
Changes in format in volume 4
A description of selected sections of the monographs is given in the
General technical notices, which reflect the above-mentioned format
2