Where the Germs Are A S S CIENTIFIC AFARI Nicholas Bakalar John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Where the Germs Are A S S CIENTIFIC AFARI Nicholas Bakalar John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2003 by Nicholas Bakalar. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Pub- lisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copy- right Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, email: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically dis- claim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Cus- tomer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. 0-471-15589-6 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For John F. Thornton Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix 1 Microbes: An Introduction 1 2 Hungry? Let’s Eat: The Contaminated Kitchen 17 3 Toilet Training: Washing Hands Is the Best Revenge 49 4 Whiter Whites and Brighter Colors: Healthy Laundry 61 5 Clean Up That Room: Kids and Microbes 71 6 What Love’s Got to Do with It: Microbes and Your Sex Life 98 7 Wild Kingdom: Pets and Their Germs 121 8 Up Your Nose: The Flu and the Cold 136 9 Bottled or Tap: Water, and What’s in It 152 10 Fresh Air and Sunshine: Outdoor Fun with Microbes 164 11 Paint the Town Red: Germs in Public Places 189 12 The Antiseptic Supermarket: Products That Do Something, Products That Do Nothing, and Products That Actually Do Harm 215 Glossary 227 Notes 243 Index 255 Preface D irty! Don’t touch! Yuck! Feh! You don’t know where it’s been! These admonitions ring in our ears, for some of us our earliest memories of parental exhortation, for others the indelible mark of our deepest fears. Germs, as we know, are everywhere, lying in wait to attack the inadequately vigilant or insufficiently armed, gangs of ser- ial killers on a random search for their next victim. We do not mock. Well, maybe we mock a little, but in fact, Mother (or Father) does sometimes know best—some germs can be very nasty invaders indeed. Yet we live in a world of microbes, some dreadful, some harmless, some essential to our continued life on earth. Knowing which to avoid, which to eliminate, and which just to live with happily can turn fearful warn- ings into reasoned discourse and trembling terror into intelligent action. Reassuring? Perhaps. But be warned: there are things out there you’re not afraid of that you really should fear, and we will not shrink from pointing them out. Germs, in fact, are almost everywhere you thought they were, and in a lot of places you thought they weren’t. This book is a Baedeker for a microscopic country, the land of the most com- mon microbes we encounter in everyday life. It reveals what microbi- ologists have learned about these creatures (or at least some of what they’ve learned), and shows the reader how to make his way in a world that is, no matter what we do or how we act, completely infested with invisible beings. vii