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Where Chiang Kai-shek Lost China: The Liao-Shen Campaign, 1948 PDF

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WHERE CHIANG KAI-SHEK LOST CHINA TWENTIETH-CENTURY BATTLES Spencer C. Tucker, editor Balkan Breakthrough RICHARD C. HALL The Battle for Manchuria and the Fate of China: Siping, 1946 HAROLD TANNER Battle of Dogger Bank: The First Dreadnought Engagement, January 1915 TOBIAS R. PHILBIN The Battle for Western Europe, Fall 1944: An Operational Assessment JOHN A. ADAMS The Battle of An Loc JAMES H. WILLBANKS The Battle of Heligoland Bight ERIC W. OSBORNE The Battle of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action H. P. WILLMOTT The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I PAUL G. HALPERN Battle of Surigao Strait ANTHONY P. TULLY The Brusilov Offensive TIMOTHY C. DOWLING China’s Battle for Korea XIAOBING LI D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan HAROLD J. GOLDBERG The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition ROBIN NEILLANDS The Imjin and Kapyong Battles: Korea, 1951 PAUL MACKENZIE In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942 VINCENT P. O’HARA Midway Inquest: Why the Japanese Lost the Battle of Midway DALLAS WOODBURY ISOM Operation Albion: The German Conquest of the Baltic Islands MICHAEL B. BARRETT Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania MICHAEL B. BARRETT The Second Battle of the Marne MICHAEL S. NEIBERG The Siege of Kut-al-Amara: At War in Mesopotamia, 1915–1916 NIKOLAS GARDNER WHERE CHIANG KAI-SHEK LOST CHINA THE LIAO-SHEN CAMPAIGN, 1948 HAROLD M. TANNER This book is a publication of INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA iupress.indiana.edu © 2015 by Harold M. Tanner All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the pub- lisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Informa- tion Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tanner, Harold Miles. Where Chiang Kai-Shek lost China : the Liao-Shen campaign, 1948 / Harold M. Tanner. pages cm. — (Twentieth-century battles) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-253-01692-8 (cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-0-253-01699-7 (ebook) 1. China—History—Civil War, 1945-1949—Campaigns—China—Liaoning Sheng. 2. China—History—Civil War, 1945-1949—Campaigns—China— Manchuria. 3. Liaoning Sheng (China)—History, Military—20th century. 4. Manchuria (China)—History, Military—20th century. I. Title. DS777.5425.L5T36 2015 951.04’2—dc23 2015016683 1 2 3 4 5 20 19 18 17 16 15 For WILLIAM Contents · Acknowledgments · A Note on Chinese Names · Introduction 1 China: Lost or Won? 2 The Struggle for Manchuria Begins: August 1945–July 1946 3 Nationalist Offensive, Communist Reaction: South Manchuria, July–November 1946 4 Breaking the Nationalist Offensive: The Three Expeditions/Four Defenses Campaign, December 1946–March 1947 5 The Summer Offensive and the Wedemeyer Mission: May–August 1947 6 Encircling the Cities: The Autumn and Winter Offensives, September 1947–March 1948 7 The Battle behind the Lines: Building the North Manchuria Base Area 8 Army of Learning: The Transition from Guerrilla to Conventional Warfighting Capability 9 Contention Within: Summer 1948 10 Preparing to Annihilate the Enemy: September 1948 11 Close the Door and Beat the Dog: The Battles of Tashan and Jinzhou, October 1948 12 Putting Changchun under Siege: March–June 1948 13 Death, Treason, and Surrender in the Garden City: June–October 1948 14 Avalanche of Defeat: October–November 1948 15 Assessing and Remembering · Notes · Bibliography · Index Acknowledgments One of the great pleasures of historical research is that the necessary materials are not available online. Consequently, researching and writing a book of this nature has given me the opportunity to travel widely, to connect with old and new friends, and to accumulate a long list of debts to be acknowledged. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Professor Liu Tong of Shanghai Jiaotong University for sharing his insights and for directing me toward materials without which this book could not have been written. In Beijing, Wang Chaoguang of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences’ Institute of Modern History has been gener- ous with his advice and with arranging the institutional support necessary when doing research in China. He Jiangfeng contributed his enthusiasm and knowledge of sources in Republican-era history as a research assistant in Beijing. Dr. Li Chen of Renmin University kindly shared his insights on the civil war along with a copy of his doctoral dissertation. Chen Yung-fa, Chang Jui-te, and the Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica in Taipei provided assistance and a comfortable base for research in Taiwan. Professor Sherman Lai at the University of Manitoba has kindly shared his advice and insights into the culture of the People’s Liberation Army. Also in Canada, Sr. Huguette Turcotte, of the Missionary Sisters of the Immac- ulate Conception, kindly supplied me with material from the archives and publications of the M.I.C. I would also like to express my appreciation to an anonymous reader for his or her suggestions, to Spencer Tucker, editor of the Twentieth-Century Battles series and to editorial director Robert Sloan of the Indiana University Press. I conducted research at the following libraries and archives: in China, the National Library in Beijing, the Jinzhou Municipal Archives, the Liaoning Provincial Library, and the Liao-Shen Campaign Memorial Hall; in the United States, the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park, Maryland, the Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress, the Research Library of the George C. Marshall Foundation, the Hoover Archives, Stanford University’s East Asia Library, and the University of North Texas Libraries. All this travel and more was made possible thanks to the generous financial support that I have received from all levels of the University of North Texas: the Department of History and its Military History Center, the College of Arts and Sciences, and the Office of the Provost, and also from the Hoover Institution and Archives for participation in the summer 2013 workshop “Revisiting Modern China at the Hoover Archives.” My department chair, Dr. Richard B. McCaslin has been consistently supportive of all faculty research, including my own, and made funds available to pay Professor Alexander Mendoza for drawing the maps for this book. Finally, my deepest thanks, as always, go to my wife, Yiyun, and our chil- dren, Sophia and William, for providing the foundations and the meaning for whatever professional suc- cess I may have achieved. A Note on Chinese Names In the main text, Chinese names have been written in the pinyin Romanization system. Most words are pronounced roughly the way an English-speaker would guess. There are a few important exceptions to this rule: “c” is pronounced as “ts,” “q” as “ch,” and “x” more or less like “s.” I have used non-pinyin spellings for the names of a few individuals and entities whose names have become universally recognized under those earlier spellings. For example, Chiang Kai-shek (pinyin Jiang Jieshi), Chiang Ching-kuo (pinyin Jiang Jingguo), Soong May-ling (pinyin Song Meiling) and T. V. Soong (pinyin Song Ziwen). WHERE CHIANG KAI-SHEK LOST CHINA

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