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WHEN VICTIMS BECOME KILLERS AHMOOD AMDANI M M WHEN VICTIMS BECOME KILLERS Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright2001byPrincetonUniversityPress PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet, Princeton,NewJersey08540 AllRightsReserved Thirdprinting,andfirstpaperbackprinting,2002 PaperbackISBN0-691-10280-5 TheLibraryofCongresshascatalogedtheclotheditionofthisbookasfollows Mamdani,Mahmood,1946– Whenvictimsbecomekillers:colonialism,nativism, andthegenocideinRwanda/MahmoodMamdani. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-691-05821-0(alk.paper) 1.Genocide–Rwanda–History–20thcentury.2.Rwanda– Politicsandgovernment.3.Rwanda–Ethnicrelations– History–20thcentury.4.Tutsi(Africanpeople)– Crimesagainst–Rwanda–History–20thcentury. 5.Hutu(Africanpeople)–Rwanda–Politicsand government.I.Title. DT450.435.M352001 967.57104–dc21 00-065213 ThisbookhasbeencomposedinGalliard Printedonacid-freepaper.∞ www.pupress.princeton.edu PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 FOR Z OHRAN Contents ListofAbbreviations IX PrefaceandAcknowledgments XI Introduction:ThinkingaboutGenocide 3 1. DefiningtheCrisisofPostcolonialCitizenship:Settlerand NativeasPoliticalIdentities 19 2. TheOriginsofHutuandTutsi 41 3. TheRacializationoftheHutu/TutsiDifferenceunder Colonialism 76 4. The“SocialRevolution”of1959 103 5. TheSecondRepublic:RedefiningTutsifromRacetoEthnicity 132 6. ThePoliticsofIndigeneityinUganda:Backgroundtothe RPFInvasion 159 7. TheCivilWarandtheGenocide 185 8. TutsiPowerinRwandaandtheCitizenshipCrisisinEastern Congo 234 Conclusion:PoliticalReformafterGenocide 264 Notes 283 Bibliography 343 Index 357 List of Abbreviations ADP AllianceDe´mocratiquedesPeuples APROSOMA L’AssociationpourlaPromotionSocialedelaMasse CDR CoalitionpourlaDe´fensedelaRe´publique CMS ChurchMissionarySociety CNS Confe´renceNationaleSouveraine CODESRIA CouncilfortheDevelopmentofSocialResearchinAfrica FRONASA FrontforNationalSalvation HCR HautConseildelaRe´publique IMF InternationalMonetaryFund KM KikosiMaalum MAGHRIVI Mutualite´ desAgriculteursduVironga MDR MouvementDe´mocratiqueRe´publicain MRND MouvementRe´volutionnaireNationalpourle De´veloppement(etlaDe´mocratie) NGO Nongovernmentalorganization NRA NationalResistanceArmy NRM NationalResistanceMovement PARMEHUTU PartiduMouvementetd’EmancipationHutu PDC PartiDe´mocrate-Chre´tien PL PartiLibe´ral PSD PartiSocial-De´mocrate RADER RassemblementDe´mocratiqueRwandais RANU RwandeseAllianceofNationalUnity RPA RwandaPatrioticArmy RPF RwandaPatrioticFront RTLM RadioTe´le´visionLibredesMilleCollines SAP StructuralAdjustmentProgram SIDER Syndicatd’InitiativepourleDe´veloppementdelaZone deRutshuru TRAFIPRO Travail,Fide´lite´,Progre`s UDPS UnionpourlaDe´mocratieetleProgre`sSocial UNAMIR UnitedNationsAssistanceMissiontoRwanda UNAR UnionNationaleRwandaise

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"When we captured Kigali, we thought we would face criminals in the state; instead, we faced a criminal population." So a political commissar in the Rwanda Patriotic Front reflected after the 1994 massacre of as many as one million Tutsis in Rwanda. Underlying his statement is the realization that,
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383 Pages·2001·10.85 MB·English
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WHEN VICTIMS BECOME KILLERS AHMOOD AMDANI M M WHEN VICTIMS BECOME KILLERS Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright2001byPrincetonUniversityPress PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet, Princeton,NewJersey08540 AllRightsReserved Thirdprinting,andfirstpaperbackprinting,2002 PaperbackISBN0-691-10280-5 TheLibraryofCongresshascatalogedtheclotheditionofthisbookasfollows Mamdani,Mahmood,1946– Whenvictimsbecomekillers:colonialism,nativism, andthegenocideinRwanda/MahmoodMamdani. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-691-05821-0(alk.paper) 1.Genocide–Rwanda–History–20thcentury.2.Rwanda– Politicsandgovernment.3.Rwanda–Ethnicrelations– History–20thcentury.4.Tutsi(Africanpeople)– Crimesagainst–Rwanda–History–20thcentury. 5.Hutu(Africanpeople)–Rwanda–Politicsand government.I.Title. DT450.435.M352001 967.57104–dc21 00-065213 ThisbookhasbeencomposedinGalliard Printedonacid-freepaper.∞ www.pupress.princeton.edu PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 FOR Z OHRAN Contents ListofAbbreviations IX PrefaceandAcknowledgments XI Introduction:ThinkingaboutGenocide 3 1. DefiningtheCrisisofPostcolonialCitizenship:Settlerand NativeasPoliticalIdentities 19 2. TheOriginsofHutuandTutsi 41 3. TheRacializationoftheHutu/TutsiDifferenceunder Colonialism 76 4. The“SocialRevolution”of1959 103 5. TheSecondRepublic:RedefiningTutsifromRacetoEthnicity 132 6. ThePoliticsofIndigeneityinUganda:Backgroundtothe RPFInvasion 159 7. TheCivilWarandtheGenocide 185 8. TutsiPowerinRwandaandtheCitizenshipCrisisinEastern Congo 234 Conclusion:PoliticalReformafterGenocide 264 Notes 283 Bibliography 343 Index 357 List of Abbreviations ADP AllianceDe´mocratiquedesPeuples APROSOMA L’AssociationpourlaPromotionSocialedelaMasse CDR CoalitionpourlaDe´fensedelaRe´publique CMS ChurchMissionarySociety CNS Confe´renceNationaleSouveraine CODESRIA CouncilfortheDevelopmentofSocialResearchinAfrica FRONASA FrontforNationalSalvation HCR HautConseildelaRe´publique IMF InternationalMonetaryFund KM KikosiMaalum MAGHRIVI Mutualite´ desAgriculteursduVironga MDR MouvementDe´mocratiqueRe´publicain MRND MouvementRe´volutionnaireNationalpourle De´veloppement(etlaDe´mocratie) NGO Nongovernmentalorganization NRA NationalResistanceArmy NRM NationalResistanceMovement PARMEHUTU PartiduMouvementetd’EmancipationHutu PDC PartiDe´mocrate-Chre´tien PL PartiLibe´ral PSD PartiSocial-De´mocrate RADER RassemblementDe´mocratiqueRwandais RANU RwandeseAllianceofNationalUnity RPA RwandaPatrioticArmy RPF RwandaPatrioticFront RTLM RadioTe´le´visionLibredesMilleCollines SAP StructuralAdjustmentProgram SIDER Syndicatd’InitiativepourleDe´veloppementdelaZone deRutshuru TRAFIPRO Travail,Fide´lite´,Progre`s UDPS UnionpourlaDe´mocratieetleProgre`sSocial UNAMIR UnitedNationsAssistanceMissiontoRwanda UNAR UnionNationaleRwandaise

Description:
"When we captured Kigali, we thought we would face criminals in the state; instead, we faced a criminal population." So a political commissar in the Rwanda Patriotic Front reflected after the 1994 massacre of as many as one million Tutsis in Rwanda. Underlying his statement is the realization that,
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