When Puberty is Precocious: Scientific and Clinical Aspects

465 Pages·2007·3.916 MB·English

by  Sabine Heger MD, Sergio R. Ojeda DVM (auth.), Ora H. Pescovitz MD, Emily C. Walvoord MD (eds.)

When Puberty is Precocious
Contemporary Endocrinology
P. Michael Conn, S E
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When Puberty
Precocious
Is
cientific and Clinical
S
spects
A
Edited by
Ora H. Pescovitz, md
Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Riley Hospital
for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Emily C. Walvoord, md
Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital
for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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iv
Preface
When puberty is precocious is a question in and of itself. The possibility that puberty is
starting earlier in children of the 21st century has become a contentious topic during the
past few years. It has received much attention in the medical literature as well as the lay
press. As research methods and interpretation of data vary between the studies that have
attemptedtoresolvethisissue,wearepleasedtopresentthereaderwiththreeverydifferent
approaches to addressing the same question. We are thrilled to have experts in the field of
basic science share the most up-to-date understanding of the mechanisms involved in the
complicated interplay of factors that initiate puberty in different species. Also reviewed
in the book are the many fascinating causes of precocity and new observations regarding
the influence of the in utero environment and the affect of adoption from a developing
country on pubertal timing. We have also included cutting edge discussions of endocrine
disruptors, and the often overlooked psychosocial ramifications of precocious puberty.
We believe that this book will be useful to primary care providers as well as specialists
who deal with issues regarding abnormalities of puberty and reproduction. The topics
covered in these chapters will provide the reader with a solid understanding of the diverse
and fascinating causes of precocious puberty and different treatment options.
We wish to thank all of our contributing authors for sharing their time and talent
to create such an outstanding work. We dedicate this book to our families and to our
mentors who have inspired us over the years.
Ora H. Pescovitz, MD
Emily C. Walvoord, MD
v
Contents
Preface..................................................... v
Contributors................................................ ix
Part I: Neuroendocrine Control of Puberty
1 Control Puberty in Rodents: Special Focus on the Female
Sabine Heger, MD and Sergio R. Ojeda, DVM.................. 3
2 Control of Puberty in Non-Human Primates
Tony M. Plant, PhD......................................... 35
3 Control of Puberty in Humans
Dennis M. Styne, MD and Melvin M. Grumbach, MD.......... 51
4 Genetic Regulation of the Variation in Pubertal Timing
Craig A. Hodges, PhD and Mark R. Palmert, MD, PhD.......... 83
Part II: Secular Trends and the Onset of Puberty
5 Puberty Is Starting Earlier in the 21st Century
Marcia E. Herman-Giddens, PA,DrPH........................ 105
6 BMI and the Onset of Puberty
Paul Kaplowitz, MD, PhD.................................... 137
7 Puberty Timing Remains Unchanged
Peter A. Lee, MD, PhD and Christopher P. Houk, MD .......... 151
Part III: Isolated Breast Development
8 Premature Thelarche
Linda A. DiMeglio, MD, MPH and Adda Grimberg, MD........ 169
9 Gynecomastia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology,
and Management
Samar N. Rahhal, MD and John S. Fuqua, MD................ 189
Part IV: Adrenal Abnormalities and Puberty
10 Premature Adrenarche: Harbingers and Consequences
Alicia Belgorosky, MD, PhD, María Sonia Baquedano, PhD,
Gabriela Guercio, MD and Marco A. Rivarola, MD.......... 217
vii
viii Contents
11 Pubertal Consequences of Being Born Small
for Gestational Age
Dyanne A. Wilson, FRACP, Wayne S. Cutfield, FRACP
and Paul L. Hofman, FRACP............................... 247
12 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Lenore S. Levine, MD and Sharon E. Oberfield, MD,
With editorial assistance of Lauren Antler, BA............... 267
13 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the Peripubertal Period
Selma Feldman Witchel, MD................................. 285
14 Psychological and Social Problems
in Children With Premature Adrenarche
and Precocious Puberty
Lorah D. Dorn, PhD......................................... 309
Part V: Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty
15 Etiology of Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty
Erik A. Imel, MD and Kathleen E. Bethin, MD, PhD............ 331
16 TreatmentofGonadotropinDependent Precocious Puberty
Zeina M. Nabhan, MD and Emily C. Walvoord, MD........... 345
Part VI: Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty
17 McCune–Albright Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis,
and Management
Tamara S. Hannon, MD and Erica A. Eugster, MD ............ 365
18 Familial Male-Limited Precocious Puberty
Nerissa C. Kreher, MD, MSc.................................. 383
19 Gonadal and Adrenal Tumors
Inessa M. Gelfand, MD and Nadine G. Haddad, MD........... 403
Part VII: Environmental Effects on Puberty
20 The Role of Endocrine Disruptors in Pubertal Development
Todd D. Nebesio, MD and Ora H. Pescovitz, MD.............. 425
21 Precocious Puberty in Internationally Adopted Girls
Grete Teilmann, MD, Anne-Simone Parent, MD,
Niels E. Skakkebæk, MD, PhD and Jean-Pierre
Bourguignon, MD, PhD..................................... 443
Index...................................................... 461
Contributors
María Sonia Baquedano, phd, Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital
de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Alicia Belgorosky, md, phd, Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital de Pediatría
Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Kathleen E. Bethin, md, phd, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology
and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, md, phd, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liège,
Liège, Belgium
Wayne S. Cutfield, fracp, Liggin’s Institute, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Linda A. DiMeglio, md, mph, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Lorah D. Dorn, phd, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
Erica A. Eugster, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
John S. Fuqua, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Inessa M. Gelfand, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Adda Grimberg, md, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Melvin M. Grumbach, md, Department of Pediatrics, University of California
at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Gabriela Guercio, md, Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital de Pediatría
Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Nadine G. Haddad, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Tamara S. Hannon, md, Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Endocrinology
and Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
Sabine Heger, md, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig,
Leipzig, Germany
ix
x Contributors
Marcia E. Herman-Giddens, pa, drph, North Carolina Child Advocacy Institute,
University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Pittsboro, NC
Craig A. Hodges, phd, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western University School
of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
Paul L. Hofman, fracp, Liggin’s Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
Christopher P. Houk, md, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College
of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
Erik A. Imel, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department
of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN
Paul Kaplowitz, md, phd, Department of Endocrinology, Children’s National
Medical Center, Washington, DC
Nerissa C. Kreher, md, msc, Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA
Peter A. Lee, md, phd, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Lenore S. Levine, md, Pediatric Endocrinology, Morgan Stanley Children’s
Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center,
New York, NY
Zeina M. Nabhan, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Todd D. Nebesio, md, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,
Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Sharon E. Oberfield, md, Pediatric Endocrinology, Morgan Stanley Children’s
Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center,
New York, NY
Sergio R. Ojeda, dvm, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate
Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
Mark R. Palmert, md, phd, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
Anne-Simone Parent, md, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liège, Liège,
Belgium
Ora H. Pescovitz, md, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Integrative
Physiology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN
Tony M. Plant, phd, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Obstetrics,
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
SamarN.Rahhal,md,SectionofPediatricEndocrinologyandDiabetology,
DepartmentofPediatrics,RileyHospitalforChildren,IndianaUniversitySchool
ofMedicine,Indianapolis,IN