When People Want Punishment: Retributive Justice and the Puzzle of Authoritarian Popularity PDF
Preview When People Want Punishment: Retributive Justice and the Puzzle of Authoritarian Popularity
WhenPeopleWantPunishment Against the backdrop of rising populism around the world and democratic backsliding in countries with robust, multiparty elections, thisbookaskswhyordinarypeoplefavorauthoritarianleaders.Much of the existing scholarship on illiberal regimes and authoritarian durability focuses on institutional explanations, but Tsai argues that, to better understand these issues, we need to examine public opinion andcitizens’concernsaboutretributivejustice.Governmentauthorities uphold retributive justice – and are viewed by citizens as fair and committedtopublicgood–whentheyaffirmsociety’sbasicvaluesby punishingwrongdoerswhoactagainstthesevalues.Tsaiarguesthatthe productionofretributivejusticeandmoralorderisacentralfunctionof the state and an important component of state building. Drawing on richempiricalevidencefromin-depthfieldwork,originalsurveys,and innovative experiments, the book provides a new framework for understandingauthoritarianresilienceanddemocraticfragility. Lily L. Tsai is the Ford Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Director of the MIT Governance Lab (MIT GOV/LAB). Her research focuses on accountability, governance, and political behavior in developing contexts,particularlyinAsiaandAfrica. Published online by Cambridge University Press CAMBRIDGESTUDIESINCOMPARATIVEPOLITICS GENERALEDITORS KATHLEENTHELENMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology ASSOCIATEEDITORS CATHERINEBOONELondonSchoolofEconomics THADDUNNINGUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley ANNAGRZYMALA-BUSSEStanfordUniversity TORBENIVERSENHarvardUniversity STATHISKALYVASUniversityofOxford MARGARETLEVIStanfordUniversity MELANIEMANIONDukeUniversity HELENMILNERPrincetonUniversity FRANCESROSENBLUTHYaleUniversity SUSANSTOKESYaleUniversity TARIQTHACHILUniversityofPennsylvania ERIKWIBBELSDukeUniversity SERIESFOUNDER PeterLangeDukeUniversity OTHERBOOKSINTHESERIES ChristopherAdolph,Bankers,Bureaucrats,andCentralBankPolitics:TheMythof Neutrality MichaelAlbertus,AutocracyandRedistribution:ThePoliticsofLandReform MichaelAlbertusPropertyWithoutRights:OriginsandConsequencesoftheProperty RightsGap SantiagoAnria,WhenMovementsBecomeParties:TheBolivianMASinComparative Perspective BenW.Ansell,FromtheBallottotheBlackboard:TheRedistributivePolitical EconomyofEducation BenW.AnsellandJohannesLindvall,InwardConquest:ThePoliticalOriginsof ModernPublicServices BenW.AnsellandDavidJ.Samuels,InequalityandDemocratization:AnElite- CompetitionApproach AdamMichaelAuerbach,DemandingDevelopment:ThePoliticsofPublicGoods ProvisioninIndia’sUrbanSlums AnaArjona,Rebelocracy:SocialOrderintheColombianCivilWar LeonardoR.Arriola,Multi-EthnicCoalitionsinAfrica:BusinessFinancingof OppositionElectionCampaigns Continuedaftertheindex Published online by Cambridge University Press When People Want Punishment Retributive Justice and the Puzzle of Authoritarian Popularity LILY L. TSAI MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108841474 doi:10.1017/9781108882545 ©LilyL.Tsai2021 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2021 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData isbn978-1-108-84147-4Hardback isbn978-1-108-79486-2Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press ToMaxandCarysforwhoIam, andtoEdwardforthelifeIhave Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents ListofFigures pageviii ListofTables ix Acknowledgments x 1 ThePuzzleofAuthoritarianPopularity 1 2 ARetributiveJusticeModelofCitizenEngagement 29 3 RetributiveJusticeandStateProductionofMoralOrder 72 4 EvaluatingtheImpactofRetributiveJusticeonCitizen EvaluationsofGovernmentAuthoritiesinRuralChina 103 5 RetributiveJusticeandCitizenEngagementinRural ChinaandBeyond 159 6 DemocraticDissatisfaction,PunitivePopulism, andtheRiseofthe“Benevolent”Dictator 196 Bibliography 216 Index 245 vii Published online by Cambridge University Press Figures 4.1 Conjointwithfourmainattributes page127 4.2 Enumerationinfield,Beijing2016 128 4.3 AMCEsof“punishment”andotherconjointattributeson respondent’schoiceoftownshippartysecretary,Fujian 2016 129 4.4 AMCEsofpunishmentconditioningonotherattributes, Fujian2016 130 4.5 Conjointprofileswithfourmainattributes andtwomediators 134 4.6 Diagramshowingacausalprocesswithindependent mediators 135 4.7 Exampleofaserialsplitsampledesignintegratingmediation analysisandconjointanalysistoexploretheindirecteffectof either“moral”or“competence”asmediators 136 4.8 Diagramshowingacausalprocesswithtwodependent mediators 138 4.9 Anexampleofthesequenceofattributesbeingrevealed toandhiddenfromarespondentaccordingtotheparallel design 141 4.10 AMCEsof“punishment”andotherconjointattributeson respondents’choiceoftownshipsecretary,Beijing2017 143 4.11 AMCEsof“punishment”andotherconjointattributeson respondents’choiceoftownshippartysecretary,online2016 149 4.12 AMCEsofthefourconjointattributesonindividual evaluationoftownshipofficial’smoralcharacter 152 5.1 Levelofchangeinunemployment 189 5.2 Levelofethnolinguisticfractionalization(ELF) 190 viii Published online by Cambridge University Press Tables 4.1 Demographics,Fujian2016 page124 4.2 Conjointattributesandstatementsusedtoexplain theattributestorespondents 126 4.3 Estimatesofindirecteffectsofpunishmentthroughmoral and/orcompetenceonrespondents’evaluationoftownship partysecretary,Beijing2017 145 4.4 Summarystatisticsforsamplesofthethreestudies 148 4.5 Estimatesofindirecteffectsofpunishmentthroughmoral and/orcompetenceonrespondents’evaluationoftownship partysecretary,online2016 150 4A.1 Listofinterviewedhouseholds 155 4A.2 AMCEsonrespondentratingsofthemoralcharacter oftownshippartysecretaryinBeijing2017survey andonline2016surveyreportedinFigure4.12 158 5.1 Summarystatisticsfromthe2017ruralBeijingsurvey 171 5.2 Bivariateregressionresultsfromthe2017ruralBeijing survey 172 5.3 Regressionresultsfromtherepresentative2008rural survey 177 5.4 Placeboregressionresultfromtherepresentative2008rural surveyusingtop-downcitizencontrolasthemain independentvariable 179 5.5 Conjointexperimentattributes 182 5.6 Treatments 185 ix Published online by Cambridge University Press Acknowledgments Itisagreatpleasuretoexpressmygratitudeforthemanyconversations andcollaborationsthathaveshapedthisbook. Firstandforemost,thisprojectreliedheavilyonopportunitiestocollect data and conduct fieldwork under challenging conditions. Much of the research that undergirds this project would not have been possible without the help of Minh Trinh, Liu Shiyao, Wen Yingying, Scott Rozelle, Zhang Linxiu, Lü Xiaobo, Zhang Ping – and especially Wang Jianying, Tian Wuxiong, Lu Xing, and Wu Guojin, who were nothing short of heroic in the field. I am deeply grateful to all in China who generously shared their time and their thoughts. It is their experiences thatformthefoundationofthisbook. I have also been gifted with brilliant students over the years and working with them led to avenues that enriched the book greatly. Research collaborations with a special set of former students, now colleagues – Guillermo Toral, Leah Rosenzweig, Tesalia Rizzo, Ben Morse, and Nina McMurry – illuminated aspects of this project that Iwouldnothaveotherwiseseenordeveloped.IalsothankPaigeBollen, Yiqing Xu, Yue Hou, Alec Worsnop, Yuan Xiao, Blair Read, Ye Maoliang, and Yang Liangsong for their valuable research assistance at variousstages. I continue to be indebted to Liz Perry for her steadfast support, Tony Saich and the Ash Center at Harvard for giving me a place to start the research,andMargaretLeviforheralwaysincisivefeedback.Ialsothank Fredrik Sjoberg, Hannes Hemker, Tiago Peixoto, and Jonathan Mellon for collaborating on valuable cross-national research that helped to put theprojectincomparativecontext. x Published online by Cambridge University Press
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