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Wheeler's Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion PDF

485 Pages·1993·63.23 MB·English
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WHEELER'S DENTAL ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCLUSION SEVENTH EDITION MAJOR M. ASH Jr. DDS MS Dr.h. MarwsL. ward Profe55orofDenristry andReswrchScientistEMI School of Dentistry University ofMichigan , W.B. SAUNDERS COMPANY ADivisionof Harcourt Brace &Company Philadelphia London Toronto MOr'ltreal Sydney Tokyo W.B. SAUNDERS COMPANY A Divi,<iono[ Harcollf1 Bract! & CompalJY "lbeCunisCenter Indcpcndeace Square West Philaddpbia.PA 19106 U-YofC08gres5~.hblicafiDJsD... Ash. M;Qor M. Wh"~'lcr-sdcntalanalOmy.pbysiology and occlusion IMajot-M. A~h,Jr.~7tbtd. p.em. Illcludes biblio,o;wphica! referenees IIndindex, ISUN 0-T-16-43?+4 I.l',-etb. 2-Occlusion (~nlisuvJ. I. Tille. 11-Tille: Dental IIn:'h>tn}-.physiolOJY.andoeclusion. II)NLM: I. Denial Occlusion. 2. TOOln-aIlJIlomr &-histolOS)'. :\.T<JOth~pitysiolo8Y- WU 101A819wj R1oi.21ID.A74 1993 foll'.314-dc20 ONLMiDLC '9497 WHEF.I ER'S DENTAL ANATOMY. ISBN 0-7216-4374-4 PHYSI( II,OGY AND OCCLUSiON Copyl'it:btoCl 1993.I\IIS4. 1974.1%.S. 1958. 19:'iO,I940byW. B.Sa.unllt~Cumpany Copyripu tt ediP.1968by RU$SJeIlC.Whecler CopyriPI rme >edin1973byDouglas L.WheeIeT All right, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or Iran'mined inltny h>rm or b>' anymca\l..elcctmnicormcchanicaLinciudinpphOiocopy.recordinll..1r'anyinful'mati"nst"ru8c and relrkl'a] system. wilhout permission inwriting from the publisher. PrinledinlbeUnitedSlatesofAmeril;a la...tdir,it jsthe print number. , 8 7 6 , 4 Dedicated To Fayola Special Acknowledgments It isapleasure to make special acknowledgment of the following individuals who have suggested valuable information from their own special field of knowl- edge. Discussions about the need for changes or addition ofmaterial to my manu- script were most helpful and Iwishtospecify these individuals and their particular fieldofinterest. George M. Ash, B.S., D.D.S., M.S., A.B.O. (Orthodontics) Jeffrey L. Ash, B.S.. D.D.S.. M.S. (Endodontics) Carolyn M. Ash, B.S.. D.D.S., M.S. (Prosthodontics) Sally Holden, R.D.H., R.D.A., M.S. (Dental Hygiene) Hans Graf, Dr. Med. Dent.. P.D. (Periodontics) Jose dos Santos, D.D.S., M.S.C.. P.D. (Restorative) Stanley J. Nelson, D.D.S., M.S. (Occlusion) ,. Preface One of the challenges of a new edition is to make changes that reflect current thinking in the field. and to delete material that is no longer pertinent to what is being taught. Much of the guidance for change comes directly from teachers of dental anatomy, some comes from the section on dental anatomy and occlusion of the American Association of Dental Schools, and still more comes from an as- sessment ofcurrent literature. . Arecurring problem in teaching dental anatomy isthe inability of the student. and often the clinician, to relate variations in the natural dentition to the restora- tions for various patients, especially anterior teeth. Incisors look like inCisors. but because of variations in size, color, wear, position, and shape. they may appear quite different in various individuals. Such differences have continued to be recog- nized in this edition. One of the major goals of previous editions has been to provide details about the morphology of human teeth that are relevant to the practice of dentistry. The importance ofspecific anatomical features ofaparticular tooth to the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases has received very little attention in dental research and hypotheses regarding such associations go untested and remain to be verified by appropriate research. Past assumptions about the relationship between contours and periodontal health continue to be reflected clinically in restored contours that have very little relationship to function or aesthetics. Additional coverage of this subject has been provided in this edition. Relationships between developmental grooves. occlusal relations, pulp cham- ber and root canal morphology. and the development of cracked teeth and pain (cracked tooth syndrome) remain virtually unresearched. How then does the clinician prevent cusp fracture or approach the restoration of a tooth (e.g.. the distolingual cusp of the mandibular first molar) with silver (amalgam)? Part of the answer must relate to the anatomy of developmental grooves, ocClusal relations. facets of wear, and bruxism. Potential lines of fracture in developmental grooves have been included in tl1'isedition. Ofparticular interest inthis edition are the recent approaches to data concern- ing standards of human tooth formation and dental age assessment. These kinds of data have relevance to some clinical problems. as well as to other fields. Although the dentition may be the single best indicator of chronological age in juveniles. there are important gaps in available sources of tooth formation chronologies. For a comprehensive review of methodologies by which critical choices among the chronologies can be made, the reader isdirected to the references cited in Chapter 2, especially those of B. Holly Smith (199\) and Lunt and Law (1974). vii viii Preface The eruption of atooth isacontinuous process that involves the movement of a tooth in the bud stage to its emergence through the gingiva and finally into occlusal contact. However, as a parameter of dental maturity, data on eruption generally refers to the clinical appearance of the emergence of the tooth inthe oral cavity. Although the term eruption is used erroneously to denote clinical emer- gence, there appears to be no confusion as to what the term eruption means in tables of the chronology of the human dentition. No attempt will be made in this edition to change the term eruption to emergence in the tables and illustrations. References that appear at the end of the chapters relate to specific citations in the body of the text, as well as general support for the material presented. Some of the older citations relating to descriptive studies have been replaced where appro- priate literature was available. Special thanks are given to the teachers of dental anatomy who have made suggestions for correction or change in this edition, including Drs. E. M. Wilkins and Stanley Nelson. Also acknowledged is the preparation of illustrations by Professor William Brudon who, asalways, has turned rough sketches into works of art. Thanks isgiven to Per Kje1dsen and Keary Campbell for photographic services and Joanne Kazlauskas for her assistance in typing the revisions for the present edition. Major M. Ash, Jr. Contents Preface vii 1 Introduction 1 Nomenclature 1 2 Development and Eruption of the Teeth 24 Tooth Formation Standards 25 Chronologies of Human Dentition 25 The Primary Dentition 33 Permanent Dentition 36 Development ofthe Teeth 38 3 The Primary (Deciduous) Teeth 46 Life Cycle 46 Importance ofPrimary Teeth 46 Nomenclature 47 Major Contrasts between Primary and Permanent Teeth 48 Pulp Chambers and PulpCanals 50 ADetailed Description ofEach Primary Tooth, the Alignment of Primary Teeth, and Occlusion 56 The Occlusion ofthe Primary Teeth 80 4 General Considerations in the Physiology of the Permanent Dentition 84 Form and Function 84 Comparative Dental Anatomy 89 Tooth Form and Jaw Movements 93 AGeometric Concept ofCrown Outlines 97 Summary of Schematic Outlines 100 5 Physiologic Form of the Teeth and the Periodontium 102 Fundamental Curvatures 102 6 The Permanent Maxillary Incisors 128 Maxillary Central Incisor 128 Maxillary Lateral Incisor 140 . ix x Contents 7 The Permanent Mandibular Incisors 150 Mandibular Central Incisor 150 Mandibular Lateral Incisor 162 8 The Permanent Canines, Maxillary and Mandibular 170 MaxillaryCanine 171 MandibularCanine 182 9 The Permanent Maxillary Premolars 194 MaxillaryFirstPremolar 195 MaxillarySecondPremolar 209 10 The Permanent Mandibular Premolars 218 Mandibular First Premolar 218 Mandibular Second Premolar 231 11 The Permanent Maxillary Molars 2~1 Maxillary First Molar 2~2 Maxillary Second Molar 258 Maxillary Third Molar 266 12 The Permanent Mandibular Molars 274 Mandibular First Molar 274 Mandibular Second Molar 291 Mandibular Third Molar 299 13 The Pulp Cavities of the Permanent Teeth 308 ThePulpCavitiesoftheMaxillaryTeeth 312 . ThePulpCavitiesoftheMandibularTeeth 337 14 Dento-Osseous Structures 359 The Maxillae 359 The Mandible 369 Arterial Supply to the Teeth 382 Nerve Supply 387 15 The Temporomandibular Joints, Muscles, and Teeth, and their Functions 390 The Temporomandibular Articulation 390 Mandibular Positions 396 Mandibular Movements 399 Muscles 399 Mandibular Movements and Muscle Activity 408 Chewing 409 Swallowing 410 Contents xi 16 Occlusion 414 Concepts of Occlusion 414 An Outline of Items Suggested for the Study of Occlusion 4]5 Summary 467 Index 471

Description:
This 7th Edition provides comprehensive, detailed coverage of the morphology of teeth relevant to the practice of dentistry. Approaches to data concerning standards of teeth formation and dental age assessment are included, as well as helpful radiographs and illustrations of tooth development. This
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.